In 1967 Osamu Fujimura showed basic advantages of the multi-band representation of speech. This work gave a start to development of the "multi-band excitation" method of speech coding, that was patented in 1997 by founders of DVSI as "Multi-Band Excitation". All consequent improvements known as Improved Multi-Band Excitation, Advanced Multiband Excitation, AMBE+ and AMBE+2 are based on this MBE method. AMBE is a codebook-based vocoder that operates at bitrates of between 2 and 9.6 kbit/s, and at a sampling rate of 8 kHz in 20-ms frames. The audio data is usually combined with up to 7 bit/s of forward error correction data, producing a total RF bandwidth of approximately 2,250 Hz. Lost frames can be masked by using the parameters of the previous frame to fill in the gap.
Usage
AMBE is used by the Inmarsat and Iridiumsatellite telephony systems and certain channels on XM Satellite Radio and is the speech coder for OpenSkyTrunked radio systems. AMBE is used in D-STARamateur radiodigital voice communications. It has met criticism from the amateur radio community because the nature of its patent and licensing runs counter to the openness of amateur radio, as well as usage restriction for being "undisclosed digital code" under FCC rule 97.309 and similar national legislation. The NXDN digital voice and data protocol uses the AMBE+2 codec. NXDN is implemented by Icom in the IDAS system and by Kenwood as NEXEDGE. APCO Project 25Phase 2trunked radio systems also use the AMBE+2 codec, while Phase 1 radios use the earlier IMBE codec. Digital Mobile Radio and Motorola's MOTOTRBO use the AMBE+2 codec.
Licensing
Use of the AMBE standard requires a license from Digital Voice Systems, Inc. While a licensing fee is due for most codecs, DVSI does not disclose software licensing terms. Anecdotal evidence suggests that licensing fee begin from between $100,000 to $1 million. For purposes of comparison, licensing fees for use of the MP3 standard started at $15,000. For small-scale use and prototyping, the only option is to purchase a dedicated hardware IC from DVSI. These ICs can be purchased for less than $100 in small quantities. DSP Innovations Inc. offers a software implementation of APCO P25 Phase 1 and Phase 2 codecs as well as DMR and dPMR codecs. A technology licence from DVSI is required. The patent for IMBE has expired.
Alternatives
is an open source alternative which uses half of the bandwidth of AMBE to encode speech of similar quality, created by David Rowe and lobbied by Bruce Perens. Codec2 still continues to evolve, with additional "modes" being developed, refined and made available on a continuous basis. This has resulted in an open source codec that has progressively increased its robustness and performance – when subjected to some of the most challenging RF and acoustic environments.
