Mopan language


Mopan is a language that belongs to the Yucatecan branch of the Mayan languages. It is spoken by the Mopan people who live in the Petén Department of Guatemala and in the Maya Mountains region of Belize. There are between three and four thousand Mopan speakers in Guatemala and six to eight thousand in Belize.
The other Yucatecan languages are Yucatec, Lacandon, and Itzaʼ. Mopan began to diverge from the other Yucatecan languages at least one thousand years ago.

Distribution

Towns where Mopan is prominently spoken include San Luis, Poptún, Melchor de Mencos, and Dolores in Guatemala, as well as San Antonio in the Toledo District of Belize.

Grammar

Word order

The word order in Mopan is verb-object-subject, although subject-verb-object is also common.

Noun classifiers

Mopan has two noun classifiers that are used to indicate gender. However, use of these classifiers is not typical of grammatical gender. The two classifiers are ix and aj, for example, aj much, meaning "toad ". Use of these gender markers is atypical in several respects:
Although the gender markers normally match the natural gender of the referent when denoting people, this is not always the case for non-human referents. For example, "parrot" is typically feminine regardless of the sex of the animal.

Numerals and numeral classifiers

Numerals in Mopan always include a numeral classifier which is added as a suffix. These classifiers indicate qualities about the referent. For example, round objects are indicated by the suffix -kuul, while long, thin objects are indicated by the suffix -tzʼiit. The most commonly used numeral classifiers are -pʼeel, for inanimate objects, and -tuul, for people and animals. In all, there are over 70 numeral classifiers used in Mopan Maya.

Phonology

Consonants

The following are the consonant sounds used by the Mopan Maya language :
In addition, some sources list as a consonant sound in Mopan Maya.
* The sounds and are used for Spanish loan words and do not correspond to sounds native to Mopan Maya.

Vowels

The following are the vowel sounds of the Mopan Maya language:
FrontCentralBack
Close
Mid
Open

Orthography

Since the colonial period, Mopan Maya has been written with the Latin script. Historically, a wide range of orthographies have been used to represent the language, although recently, the orthography has been standardized by the Guatemalan Academy of Mayan Languages. The following table shows some of the orthographies that have been used to represent Mopan Maya:
IPAColonialKaufmanDienhartALMG
a~ɑaaaa
ɘaäʌä
aː~ɑːa, aaaaaaaa
ɘːää
ɓbbʼbbʼ
t͡ʃchchčch
t͡ʃʼcħchʼčʼchʼ
ɗdʼddʼ
ɛ~eeeee
ɛː~eːe, eeeeeeee
ff
gg
i~ɪiiii
iː~ɪːi, iiiiiiii
hh, jjjj
kckck
kʼkkʼcʼkʼ
lllll
mmmmm
nnnnn
ooooo
oːo, oooooooo
ppppp
pʼpp, ꝑpʼpʼpʼ
ɾrrrr
sz, ç, ssss
ttttt
tʼth, tħtʼtʼtʼ
t͡stztz¢tz
t͡sʼɔ, dztzʼ¢ʼtzʼ
uu, vuuu
uːu, uuuuuuuu
wu, vwww
ʃxxšx
jyyyy
ʔ7ʼʼ