Michael Abrash is a software executive, programmer and technical writer specializing in code optimization and 80x86assembly language, a reputation cemented by his 1990 book Zen of Assembly Language Volume 1: Knowledge and a monthly column in Dr. Dobb's Journal in the early 1990s. A later book, Zen of Graphics Programming, applied these ideas to 2D and 3D graphics prior to the advent of hardware accelerators for the PC. Though not strictly a game programmer, Abrash has worked on the underlying technology for games, such as Quake, for much of his career. Since 2014, he has been the chief scientist of Oculus VR, a subsidiary of Facebook, Inc.. He frequently begins a technical discussion with an anecdote that draws parallels between a real-life experience he has had and the article's subject matter. His prose encourages readers to think outside the box and to approach solving technical problems in an innovative way.
Game programmer
Abrash first bought a microcomputer while doing postgraduate studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Before getting into technical writing, Abrash was a game programmer in the early days of the IBM PC. His first commercial game was a clone of Space Invaders published by Datamost in 1982 as Space Strike. He co-authored several PC games with Dan Illowsky, who had previously written the successful Pac-Man clone Snack Attack for the Apple II. Abrash and Illowsky worked together on the Galaxian-like Cosmic Crusader, maze game Snack Attack II, and platform gameBig Top. After working at Microsoft on graphics and assembly code for Windows NT 3.1, he returned to the video game industry in the mid-1990s to work on Quake for id Software. Some of the technology behind Quake is documented in Abrash's Ramblings in Realtime published in Dr. Dobb's Journal. He mentions Quake as his favourite game of all time. After Quake was released, Abrash returned to Microsoft to work on natural language research, then moved to the Xbox team, until 2001. In 2002, Abrash went to RAD Game Tools where he co-wrote the Pixomatic software renderer, which emulates the functionality of a DirectX 7-level graphics card and is used as the software renderer in such games as Unreal Tournament 2004. At the end of 2005, Pixomatic was acquired by Intel. When developing Pixomatic, he and Mike Sartain designed a new architecture called Larrabee, which now is part of Intel's GPGPU project. Gabe Newell, managing director of Valve, said that he had "been trying to hire Michael Abrash forever. About once a quarter we go for dinner and I say 'are you ready to work here yet?'" In 2011 Abrash made the move to join Valve. On March 28, 2014, three days after Facebook announced agreements to purchase the company, virtual reality headset company Oculus VR published a statement saying that Michael Abrash had joined their company as Chief Scientist.
Technical writer
Early work
Michael Abrash was a columnist in the 1980s for a magazine called Programmer's Journal. Those articles were collected in the 1989 book, Power Graphics Programming. His second book, Zen of Assembly Language Volume 1: Knowledge, focused on writing efficient assembly code for the 16-bit 8086 processor, but was released after the 80486 CPU was already available. In addition to assembly-level optimization, the book focused on parts of the system that silently affect code performance, which he called "cycle eaters." A key point of Zen of Assembly Language is that performance must always be measured, and the book included the "Zen Timer" tool to check if theoretical code optimizations actually worked. Volume 2 was never published.
Dr. Dobb's and later books
In the early to mid-1990s, Abrash wrote a PC graphics programming column for Dr. Dobb's Journal called "Ramblings in Realtime." In 1991 he introduced Mode X, a 320x240 VGA graphics mode with square pixels instead of the slightly elongated pixels of the standard 320x200 mode. At the same time, he introduced readers to a little known part of the VGA standard allowing multiple pixels to be written at once. The article and its follow-ups ignited interest among PC game programmers. Much of the content of Zen of Assembly Language was updated in Zen of Code Optimization: The Ultimate Guide to Writing Software That Pushes PCs to the Limit, along with new material. The presentation of stepwise program refinement empirically demonstrated how algorithm re-design could improve performance up to a factor of 100. Assembly language re-coding, on the other hand, may only improve performance by a factor of 10. Abrash also showed how elusive performance improvement can be, and improving performance in one subroutine can expose bottlenecks in other routines. Finally, he demonstrated processor-dependent assembly-based performance improvements by comparing assembly language optimizations across x86 generations, including how some micro-optimizations disappeared or even made a program slower. In 1997 Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, was published. It was a collection of his Dr. Dobb's Journal articles and his work on the Quake graphic subsystem. Abrash stopped writing publicly in the 2000s until maintaining a public blog at Valve, "Ramblings in Valve Time," from April 2012 until January 2014.
