Mangkunegara VIII
Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Arya Mangkunagara VIII was the last ruler of Mangkunegaran, in Java, in modern Indonesia. He experienced the Dutch colonial period and the beginning of Indonesia's independence. Mangkunegara VIII was the son of Mangkunegara VII, by Gusti Raden Ayu Retnaningrum, one of his secondary wives. The queen consort Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Timur had only one child, a daughter named Gusti Raden Ayu Siti Nurul Kusumawardhani.
Mangkunagara VIII faced extreme difficulty in maintaining the sovereignty of his state. As a result, the state of Surakarta were incorporated into the province of Central Java in 1950. Mangkunagara VIII died in 1995 and was succeeded by his third child and second son as Mangkunegara IX.
