Malakula languages
The Malakula languages are a group of Central Vanuatu languages spoken on Malakula Island in central Vanuatu. Unlike some earlier classifications, Lynch considers the Malakula languages to form a coherent group.
Classification
Lynch divides the Malakula languages into three primary subgroups, namely Northern, Eastern, and Western, all three of which are linkages. Lynch recognizes 32 languages.- Northern
- *Malua Bay
- *North Coast
- **Nese
- **Botovro
- **Vovo, Vao
- Eastern
- *Uripiv
- *Unua
- *Aulua
- *Banam Bay
- *Southeastern
- **Bwenelang
- **Nasvang, Nisvai
- **Port Sandwich, Avok, Axamb
- **Maskelynes
- Western
- *Central Western
- **Neve'ei
- **Larëvat
- **Naman
- *Peripheral Western
- **Ninde
- **Nāti
- **Northwestern
- ***V'ënen Taut
- ***Tape
- ***Tirax
- **Southwestern
- ***Lendamboi
- ***Aveteian
- ***Navwien
- ***Avava
- ***Nasarian
- ***Naha'ai, Nahavaq
The positions of the Sörsörian, Rerep, Vivti, and Nitita languages were not addressed.
Languages
François lists the following 42 Malakula languages.No. | Language | Other names | Speakers | Ethnologue | ISO 639-3 |
65 | Axamb | Ahamb | 750 | ||
66 | Lendamboi | Small Nambas, Letemboi | 800 | ||
67 | Nasvang | 275 | |||
68 | Sörsörian | 3 | |||
69 | Avok | 500 | , Avok | ||
70 | Uliveo | Maskelynes | 1100 | , Maskelynes | |
71 | Port Sandwich | Lamap | 1200 | ||
72 | Nisvai | Vetbon | 200 | ||
73 | Burmbar | Banam Bay, Vartavo | 900 | ||
74 | Mbwenelang | <10 | |||
75 | Aulua | 750 | |||
76 | Niolean | Repanbitip | 90 | ||
77 | Rerep | Pangkumu, Tisman | 380 | ||
78 | Unua | Onua | 520 | ||
79 | Vivti | <5 | |||
80 | Nitita | <5 | |||
81 | Avava | Katbol, Navava, Bangsa’ | 700 | ||
82 | Neverver | Lingarak, Nevwervwer | 1250 | ||
83 | Litzlitz | Naman | 15 | ||
84 | Uripiv | Uripiv-Wala-Rano-Atchin, Northeast Malakula | 9000 | , Atchin, Uripiv | |
85 | Rutan | ? | |||
86 | Botovro | Mpotovoro | 430 | ||
87 | Vao | 1900 | , Vao | ||
88 | Alovas | ? | |||
89 | Vovo | 475 | |||
90 | Nese | Matanvat | 160 | ||
91 | Najit | <5 | |||
92 | Malua Bay | Middle Nambas | 500 | ||
93 | Njav | 10 | |||
94 | Tirax | Mae, Dirak | 1000 | ||
95 | V'ënen Taut | Big Nambas | 3350 | ||
96 | Tape | Maragus | 15 | ||
97 | Larëvat | Laravat, Larevat | 680 | ||
98 | Neve'ei | Vinmavis | 500 | ||
99 | Nivat | <10 | |||
100 | Nasarian | 5 | |||
101 | Aveteian | Dixon Reef | 50 | ||
102 | Ninde | Labo | 1100 | ||
103 | Nahavaq | South West Bay, Siesip | 700 | ||
104 | Nāti | 25 | |||
105 | Naha'ai | Malvaxal, Malfaxal | 600 | ||
106 | Navwien | 5 |