He was the eldest son of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset by his first wife Catherine Fillol a daughter and co-heiress of Sir William Fillol, of Fillol's Hall, Essex and Woodlands, Horton, Dorset. The children from this first marriage ranked below those from the Duke's second marriage to Ann Stanhope, the eldest son of which, due apparently to his wife's persuasion, succeeded his father as Duke of Somerset. By an entail made during the time of his second marriage the Duke excluded from the inheritance of his estates the children of his first marriage. It has been alleged that adultery between Catherine Fillol and her father-in-law Sir John Seymour ended the Duke's first marriage.
A monument to Lord Edward Seymour survives in St Mary's Church, Berry Pomeroy, standing against the north wall of the north aisle of the Seymour Chapel. It was described by the architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner as: "The figure carving astonishingly naive. To think that the children of Lord Protector Somerset were satisfied with this!"Hoskinson the contrary called it "fine". The monument consists of three main effigies, each on its own step, the top two under a coffered arch two steps deep, each recumbent and propped up on the right elbow, gazing heavenwards, or perhaps towards the top of a now lost altar which once stood against the east wall of the chapel. Demonstrating perspective, the figures increase in size from the topmost step furthest from the viewer. The two male figures occupying the topmost two steps are bare-headed and dressed in full armour with breastplates. On the top step is Lord Edward Seymour, holding in his left hand the ceremonial baton of Sheriff of Devon. On the ground near his shoulder is his helmet. On the middle step is the effigy of Lord Edward's son, Sir Edward Seymour, 1st Baronet, head propped up on his hand, with the latter's wife, Elizabeth Champernowne, occupying the lowest step. At the head end of Lady Elizabeth is a baby wrapped in swaddling clothes, and at her feet sitting in a chair is an infant child. At the apex of the arch, below the entablature is an escutcheon showing the arms of Seymour impaling Welshe, the wife of Lord Edward. On the very top of the monument, within a broken scroll pediment and above a putto's head, is an escutcheon showing the arms of Seymour alone, with mantling and with crest above. Above the topmost figure of Lord Edward is a black stone tablet, with the Seymour crest above, inscribed in gilt Roman capitals as follows:
"Here lyeth the bodies of the Honorable Lord Edward Seymour, knight, sonne unto the Right HonorableEdward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, who died the second daye of Maye, 1593; also of Edward Seymour his sonne, Baronet, who died the 10 daye of Aprell, 1613; the Lady Elizabeth his wife dawghter of Sir Arthwre Champernowne, who had isshew 11 childeren by him the sayed Edward Seymour, Baronet".