The longnose stingray can be found in regions ranging from the southern Gulf of Mexico southward to the Brazilian state of Paraná, including the Greater and Lesser Antilles. This bottom-dwelling species inhabits inshore marine and brackish waters from the intertidal zone to a depth of. It favors muddy or sandy substrates, and is tolerant of wide variations in salinity.
Description
The longnose stingray has a diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc slightly wider than long, with outer corners forming approximately right angles and gently concave anterior margins converging to an obtuse, moderately projecting snout. The mouth is curved with a median projection in the upper jaw that fits into an indentation in the lower jaw. A row of three papillae are found across the floor of the mouth. There are 34-46 tooth rows in the upper jaw; the teeth have tetragonal bases and blunt crowns in females and juveniles and sharp, pointed cusps in mature males. The pelvic fins are rounded. The slender, whip-like tail is much longer than the disc and usually bears a single serrated stinging spine near the base. Behind the spine, there is a long, fleshy dorsal keel and a ventral fin fold two-thirds to four-fifths as high as the tail. A row of small, blunt thorns or tubercles is present along the midline of the back, from between the eyes to the base of the tail spine. Larger rays also gain a mid-dorsal band of heart-shaped, flattened denticles. The coloration is olive, brown, or gray above, sometimes with darker spots, and yellowish to white below; the keel and fin fold on the tail are black. This species reaches a maximum known disc width of, though is more typical. Females grow larger than males.
Biology and ecology
Longnose stingrays seem to occupy basically the same ecological niche as the more northerly Atlantic stingray. Where the ranges of the two species overlap, there is spatial segregation with longnose stingrays being found at depths of and Atlantic stingrays being found at depths of up to. This species feeds mainly on benthic invertebrates and small bony fishes, often using its pectoral fins to uncover burrowing prey. Its pavement-like teeth enables it to grind up hard-shelled organisms. One study off the Brazilian state of Ceará found that the most common prey taken were holothuriidsea cucumbers, peanut worms, eunicidpolychaete worms, bivalves and gastropods, the crustaceans Penaeus and Callinectes, and the gruntPomadasys corvinaeformis. Known parasites of the longnose stingray include the tapeworms Rhinebothrium margaritense and Rhodobothrium pulvinatum, the isopods Excorallana tricornis and Rocinela signata, and the monogenean Monocotyle guttatae. In common with other stingrays, the longnose stingray is aplacental viviparous, in which the developing embryos are sustained by yolk and later histotroph produced by the mother. Females have a single functional uterus, on the left, and bear two litters of 1-2 pups per year, one around March and the other around November. The gestation period is 5-6 months long with vitellogenesis occurring at the same time, such as that females can ovulate a new batch of ova and mate again immediately after giving birth. Longnose stingrays measure across at birth. Parturition occurs in water with relatively low salinity, but the young soon move into saltier water. A known nursery area for this species occurs off the beaches of Caiçara do Norte in northeastern Brazil, where newborns and small juveniles have been reported from water no more than deep from February to October. Very small juveniles have also been observed in tidal pools in Ceará. Males mature at across and females at across. At the onset of sexual maturation, longnose stingrays move back into water with lower salinities of 20 ppt or less; females over across are found only in salinities of under 5 ppt.
Human interactions
The venomous tail spine of the longnose stingray is potentially dangerous to beachgoers and fishery workers. Throughout its range, this species is taken intentionally and otherwise by commercial fisheries, using gillnets, trawls, and longlines. It is the most commonly caught stingray off the Guyanas and the Brazilian states of Maranhão and Paraíba, and is becoming increasingly important elsewhere. The longnose stingray is also targeted by recreational surf anglers in Ceará. The meat of its "wings" is highly esteemed and sold fresh, frozen, or salted; this ray is also utilized in the production of gelatin and high-quality oil, and at least five individuals were found in the Ceará aquarium trade from 1995 to 2000. The impact of fishing on the longnose stingray population has been little-investigated outside Brazil; as a result the International Union for Conservation of Nature is not yet able to assess its conservation status beyond Data Deficient.
