Lithuanian declension


Lithuanian declension[Ancient Greek grammar|] is similar to declensions in ancient Indo-European languages such as Sanskrit, Latin or Ancient Greek. It is one of the most complicated declension systems among modern Indo-European and modern European languages.
Traditionally, scholars count up to ten case forms in Lithuanian. However, at least one case is reduced to adverbs and certain fixed expressions and another is extinct in the modern language. So the official variant of Lithuanian has eight cases; the eighth case, the illative, can be replaced with the locative case. The main cases are:
The other cases are:
Lithuanian has two main grammatical numbers: singular and plural. There is also a dual number, which is used in certain dialects, such as Samogitian. Some words in the standard language retain their dual forms and abu, an indefinite number and super-plural words. Dual forms of pronouns used in the standard language are also optional. Although grammatically the dual number can be applied to any word, in practice it was used quite sporadically during the last century. The singular and the plural are used similarly to many European languages. Singular, plural and dual inflections of the same case always differ among themselves; no rule dictates how to form, for example, the plural inflection from the singular of the same case.

Nouns

Lithuanian nouns have five declensions which are defined by the inflection in singular nominative and genitive cases. Only a few borrowed words, like taksì – taxi, tabù – taboo, kupė̃ – compartment, coupé, are not subject to declension.
  1. There are only two nouns ending in -i: pati 'wife' and marti 'daughter-in-law'. Their declension is the same to the second adjective feminine declension and similar to a second feminine noun palatalized declension. The noun pati is the same to a pronoun pati 'herself; myself f; itself '
  2. Exception: petys m – shoulder, peties, etc. after this declensional pattern. This declension is very similar to the fifth declension.
  3. Duktė 'daughter' is the only word of the fifth declension not having the ending "uo". A word moteris 'woman, female' often has a genitive móters; the plural genitive of moteris is moterų ; it is the only normal form for the fifth declension and one of the two for the third. The more two words, obelis f – apple tree and dieveris m – brother-in-law, are the same declensional case as moteris, but dieveris, being masculine possibly has a sg. inst. -iu. Dieveris is also the only -er- masculine case. There was also possibly a word broteris – brother in old Lithuanian.

    Table of noun declension endings

  4. Nouns having -j- before an ending -as, vėjas – wind, vertėjas – translator, naudotojas – user, vartotojas – consumer have vocative -au: vėjau, vertėjau, naudotojau, vartotojau. Feminine counterparts for agent's words are vertėja, naudotoja, vartotoja and their vocative is the same to nominative. If naudotojas would have and ending -e for vocative it would sound same to feminine: naudotoja = *naudotoje. Sg. locative of these words have -yje or -uje : naudotojuje, vėjyje.
  5. There are only a few words with the ending -ias, historically they are related with -ys words; -ias words have -y in vocative: svečias – svety ; kelias – kely ; some can have fifth-declension-like ending -iau for vocative: velnias – velniau. In dialects an inflection -iau in vocative can be used, for example, for names ending in -is: Algis – Algiau instead of Algi. A word brolis besides a paradigmatic vocative broli has also a form brolaũ.
  6. Many nouns of this paradigm have -ų in pl. gen.: žąsis f – žąsų 'goose', naktis f – naktų 'night', debesis m – debesų 'cloud'.
Each Lithuanian consonant has two forms: palatalized and non-palatalized. The consonants preceding vowels and are always moderately palatalized.
The letter i represents either the sound similar to i in the English lit or is a palatalization marker – softens the preceding consonant, iu. But is a diphthong and there are no combinations ię and iė. Other diphthongs are: uo, ai, ei, oi, ui, au.
Feminine nouns ending in -a, and masculine ending in -us have their palatal forms: -ia, -ius. The nominative singular ending -ias alone is a palatal variant of -as, but -ias pattern, differently from -ia, -ius, are not palatalized counterpart for -as and there is no palatalized counterpart for -as type. The -ias pattern is a type of -ys pattern, its words are declined like -ys words, except sg. nom. -ias and, for some of the words, vocative -iau. There are only a few words of -ias type.
There are two consonants in Lithuanian, d and t, that become respectively dž and č when they precede a palatalization marker i and they still have to be pronounced softer, like all other consonants preceding the palatalization marker. Examples: masc. sg. nom. svẽčias 'guest', fem. sg. nom. valdžià 'power ; government', m. sg. nom. skaĩčius 'number'; pavyzdỹs 'example', pãvyzdžio, pãvyzdžiui, pãvyzdį; kėdė̃ 'chair', kėdžių̃ etc..
-as, -is, -ys
Note that the -e ending for the vocative singular applies only to common nouns; proper nouns take the ending -ai. So, for example Jonas = 'John' and Jonai! = 'John!'

Second declension

-a, -ė, -ti
Only two nouns end in -i: pati 'wife' and marti 'daughter-in-law'. Their declension is same to the second adjective feminine declension.
The noun pati has the same form as the pronoun pati 'herself; myself ; itself '.

Third declension

-is
The only difference in masculine and feminine nouns of this declension is between the dative singular forms.

Fourth declension

-us, -ius
The palatalized variant of this declension has the forms of the first declension.

Fifth declension

-uo
There are also two feminine nouns of the fifth declension: sesuo and duktė.

Adjectives

In Lithuanian language adjectives have three declensions determined by the singular and plural nominative case inflections. Adjectives are matched with nouns in terms of number, gender, and case. Unlike nouns, which have two genders – masculine and feminine – adjectives have three, but the neuter adjectives have only one uninflected form.
Masculine adjectives of the III-rd paradigm are of two types, they differ in plural nominative and dative: varinis – copper, brazen, laukinis – wild have pl. nom. variniai, laukiniai and pl. dat. variniams, laukiniams; an example of the second type: didelis, dideli in pl. nom. and dideliems in pl. dat.
Pronominal forms
Pronominal, or definite, form of an adjective is formed by merging adjectives with third person personal pronouns: mažas 'small' + jis 'he' = mažasis, maža + ji 'she' = mažoji. An example: mažasis princas 'the little prince'. And a normal form: mažas princas 'a little prince'.
Several forms have not only a pronoun added, but have different respective to non-pronominal adjectives ending syllable – longer sound retained: feminine singular nominative -o-ji, masculine singular instrumental and plural accusative, respectively -uo-ju, -uos-ius and one with ogonek, feminine singular instrumental: -ą-ja, -ią-ja; or has a sound -m- not doubled: masculine singular dative and locative, masculine plural dative, feminine plural dative and instrumental, for example -a-jam, -a-jame, -ies-iems, not non-existing -am-jam, -ame-jame, -iems-iems.

Examples

Pronouns

The personal pronouns aš, tu jis, ji and the reflexive pronoun savęs are declined as follows:
Note that the table contains only the objective genitive of pronouns aš, tu, savęs. The possessive genitives of these words are mano, tavo and savo respectively. Compare jis manęs laukia – 'he waits for me' and mano draugas – 'my friend', but in jis mūsų laukia – 'he waits for us' and mūsų draugas – 'our friend', the two genitives coincide as in almost any word.

Irregular declension

Duktė – daughter, and sesuo – sister, are the only two feminine words of the fifth declension, they have the suffix -er- in the other cases. One word, moteris – woman, female, is both of the fifth and the third declensions, because it has variant genitive singular, both variants of which are equally apt, and it has a gen. pl. -ų. Two more words, dieveris m – brother-in-law, and obelis f – apple tree, are the same case as moteris. The word dieveris, -ies m, having more close meaning to a proper one, possibly has the fifth-type-like masculine singular instrumental, which is taken from the first declension, while the words of the third declension have -imi, without a gender distinction. But -imi is normal as well for the masculine nouns of the fifth declension, for example – akmenimi / akmeniu.
A word šuo – dog, differs from the other -uo words in that, that its stem is mixed with the suffix -uo and it consequently does not have the suffix -en- in the other cases, its singular instrumental normal ending is of the third type and its accentuation paradigm is fourth, the sole case for the -uo words.
Mėnuo – month, moon, is of the first declension -is type, the only fifth type form is one of the two equal variants of singular nominative: mėnuo ; genitive is mėnesio etc.
The word žmogus – man, human, historically had the nominative singular žmuo. Today žmogus is declined in the fourth paradigm in singular and in the third -ė paradigm in plural.
The words pats m, pati f – one/my/him/her/itself have also peculiarities. The ending -i is present only in two words: pati and marti – daughter-in-law. Pats is of the third adjectival declensional type, but the singular nominative is different, plural nominative is -ys and the singular genitive -ies, like in nouns of the third declension. Its sg. gen. is also often said pačio.
The words of the third declension have either -ių or -ų in the genitive plural. The dative singular, similarly to the fifth declensional type, differs depending on the gender, the instrumental singular, differently from the fifth type, is the same for the both genders. One noun of the third type, petys, peties, has the sg. nom. ending with a long i: -ys. Some of the words having the suffix -uonis have parallel forms in the other declensions: palikuonis, -ies and palikuonis, -io m, palikuonė, -ės f. Such change can happen after the change of an accent place: if the word is accented on the ending -is, then the change of declension does not occur in speech, and if the accent moves from the ending to the stem in singular nominative, then the change of declension sometimes occurs. For most of -uonis words, declining in the first declension is considered to be a mistake.

Shifts in declension

There are few words which are sometimes declined mistakenly in other declensions. But some of the shifts are not rare: a word pats besides sg. gen. paties is often said pačio and these two forms of sg. gen. are equal. Some words have parallel forms from other declensions with a little change in a meaning: dukra, dukros; sesė, sesės; palikuonis, -io, palikuonė, -ės. The forms sesė and dukra are more like unformal, than duktė, -ers and sesuo, -ers. For the word moteris the form motera were existent in dialects, but it is, differently from dukra, sesė cases, only a formal shift of declension without a meaning variation and such word would be perceived as a vernacularism and obsolete.
The forms from the two more declensions sometimes occur in a speech for the masculine words of the fifth declension: of the third and of the first declensions. Similar case is with the masculine words of the third declension – they are sometimes declined in the first declension. Such a shift is a mistake of declension. For example, a word akmuo, akmens can have the forms akmenis, akmenies – more like older dialectal not used widely and a little likely to be heard in a speech – and akmenis, akmenio; akmenys, akmenio; akmenas, akmeno – sometimes said by the speakers, who don't know the fifth declension well, for example, children. But these variants are possibly also present as dialectal forms. The other examples which are sometimes used by some, but not fit are: rudenio, šunio etc. Examples of migrants from the third declension are, for example, dantis, dančio instead of dantis, danties. Such use like akmenas, akmeno; dančio; šunio; rudenio; is a clear mistake and is not accepted. A case of petys, pečio instead of petys, peties is also a mistake, but petys is the only one -ys form declined in the third declension and consequentely tends to be declined like all other -ys words.
For the word mėnuo / mėnesis the proper form is sg. gen. mėnesio etc.. The genitive of the word pats is paties, but it is also frequently said pačio. Some of the cases of the word pats are of the third adjectival declension, some – sg. nom. -s, sg. gen. -ies and pl. nom. -ys – of the third noun declension.
Some of the nouns occur in another declensional type only in one case. All these cases are more like dialectal and older. For example, seseris can be said seseria in dialects, but the genitive remains sesers; motė, moters, but also a migrant form: motė, motės. The dialectal and older form sesuva, for example, can remain in the original paradigm with sg. gen. sesers or shift to the -a declension: sesuva, sesuvos.

Tables

In the tables below the words from the fifth and the third declensions are compared with the words from the other declensions. Table cells with the correct forms written are coloured. In the right outside column the variant forms within the fifth and third declensions are given. They are older, dialectal and not used or used only in small areas. For example, among the variant forms of singular nominative sesuo within the fifth declension are archaic sesuoj, sesuon, sesuva. The first column is for the words of the fifth declension and the second for the third. These declensions are very similar. The words are given in the same column, when the forms are same. The column to the right from these, are for the forms of the first and second declensions; one word, žmogus, is of the fourth in singular.
The proper forms of the word mėnuo / mėnesis is not of the fifth-third declension and the same is with the word žmogus, which historically had the form žmuo. A word judesys – move, is included for comparison with mėnesis.
Dukra and sesė are variants of duktė, sesuo of a different declension and meaning – dukra and sesė are more like informal.
A word palikuonis has two forms of different declensions: one of the third – palikuonis, and other shifted to the first declension – palikuonis, -io palikuonė, -ės. There are few of -uonis words and only several of them have forms other than the original declension, but in a speech some of them are also sometimes declined in the first declension, for example, geluonis, -ies c – sting, can be understood as geluonis, -io m.
For the -uo words and the -is words the shift to the other declensions would be a mistake. When the shift is from the fifth to the third declension it can be understood as minor variation, but the shift to the first declension would be a clear mistake. But in speech some of the speakers say, for example, rudenio instead of rudens, dantis, dančio instead of dantis, danties. Besides these cases, there are shifts, which occur commonly in a speech: pačio instead of paties, pečio instead of peties. A word šuo can also be said šuva.
The words rūgštìs f 3 – acid, and rū̃gštis 2 – sourness; acidity, are two words of different declensions, their meanings are different, but related.

Declension by the paradigms

a-paradigm

The a-paradigm is used to decline:
The a-paradigm is the most complex declension paradigm in Lithuanian. It has two different sub-paradigms, one of which is the main paradigm. The second sub-paradigm is called "palatalized", which means that the last consonant of the stem before the inflection is always palatalized. Note that in this case the palatalization mark is marked as a part of the inflection. The a-paradigm is masculine.
Also note, that inflection of the a-paradigm is different for nouns, adjectives, and pronouns in some cases. However, not every pronoun is declined, using the inflections from the pronoun column in the table below. Some pronouns as well as every numeral of the a-paradigm use the inflections from the adjective column.

The main sub-paradigm

Other features:
Other features:
nominativevocative
-is-i
-ys-y
-ias-e or -iau

Pronouns

Here is a list of numerals that don't use the a-paradigm in the masculine. See the o-paradigm for feminine numbers.

Nominatives of the active participles

Notes:
  1. Short forms of the nominatives skip the active participle suffix -ant-, e. g.
miegantis 'sleeping' - miegąs ,
sakantys 'saying' - saką .
This is valid in the masculine nominative only.
  1. The past tense doesn't have the long forms.

    u-paradigm

The u-paradigm is used to decline:
The u-paradigm has two different sub-paradigms, the main and the palatalized. Note, that in this case the palatalization mark is marked as a part of the inflection. The u-paradigm is masculine.
Inflections of the u-paradigm differ between nouns and adjectives in some cases.

The main sub-paradigm

Note that:
The o-paradigm is used to decline:
singularplural
Nominativeta ruda meškatos rudos meškos
Genitivetos rudos meškostų rudų meškų
Dativetai rudai meškaitoms rudoms meškoms
Accusativetą rudą meškątas rudas meškas
Instrumentalta ruda meškatomis rudomis meškomis
Locativetoje rudoje meškojetose rudose meškose
Illativeton rudon meškontosna rudosna meškosna
Vocativemeškameškos

The palatalized sub-paradigm

singularplural
Nominativeši stipri galiašios stiprios galios
Genitivešios stiprios galiosšių stiprių galių
Dativešiai stipriai galiaišioms stiprioms galioms
Accusativešią stiprią galiąšias stiprias galias
Instrumentalšia stipria galiašiomis stipriomis galiomis
Locativešioje stiprioje galioješiose stipriose galiose
Illativešion stiprion galionšiosna stipriosna galiosna
Vocativegaliagalios

Other features:
The ė-paradigm is used to decline:
The words in the table:
singularplural
Nominativedidelė upėdidelės upės
Genitivedidelės upėsdidelių upių
Dativedidelei upeididelėms upėms
Accusativedidelę upędideles upes
Instrumentaldidele upedidelėmis upėmis
Locativedidelėje upėjedidelėse upėse
Illativedidelėn upėndidelėsna upėsna
Vocativeupeupės

Note, that the inflection of the plural genitive is palatalized.

i-paradigm

The i-paradigm is used to decline:
All these words use the unsuffixed sub-paradigm, except the nouns of the first declension, which apply the suffixed sub-paradigm

Unsuffixed sub-paradigm

The words in the table:
Other features:
Irregularities:
Note, that the word pats is declined only in masculine in this table. Its feminine form pati is declined with the o-paradigm regularly.

Suffixed sub-paradigm

The words in the table:
Other features:
Irregularities:
Other:
The dual number has its specific inflections, that are similar with plural inflections with some specific differences:
Other features:
Irregularities:
Inflections, that have two or more syllables, are often shortened in Lithuanian, eliding the final short vowel. Shortened inflections are especially used in the spoken language, while in the written language full inflections are preferred. The elision occur in:
Also there's just one occasion, when the whole one-syllable inflection may be skipped. This may be done with feminine active participles of the past tense in the singular nominative. So a word dariusi - 'who was making, who has made' can be said as darius. Note, that this shortened form coincides with the sub-participle of the past tense.

History

Noun declension inter-linguistic comparison

The declension of Lithuanian nouns of the different declensional patterns are given compared with Latin, Sanskrit, Latvian, Old Prussian, Gothic,
Ancient Greek and Russian. Because Old Prussian has left a limited literature with not all the cases of all the stems employed, the Prussian samples are not full in the tables. At the same time there were fewer cases in Prussian than in modern common Lithuanian and mixing the declension patterns was more common, what could develop in a context of a slow decline in the use of Old Prussian, as the Prussians adopted the languages of the others, particularly German. Lithuanian declension varied in dialects.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Inst.
Loc.
Voc.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Inst.
Loc.

wolffatherdaymanwolf
vil̃kasvṛ́kaslupustavsdagsἄνθρωποςволк
vil̃kovṛ́kasyalupītavasdagisἀνθρώπουво́лка
vil̃kuivṛ́kāyalupōtavudagaἀνθρώπῳво́лку
vil̃kąvṛ́kamlupumtavandagἄνθρωπονво́лка
vilkùvṛ́keṇa'во́лком
vilkèvṛ́ke'в во́лке
vil̃kevṛ́kalupedagἄνθρωπε
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vilkaĩlupītavaidagōsἄνθρωποιво́лки
vilkų̃vṛ́kāṇāmlupōrumtavandagēἀνθρώπωνволко́в
vilkámsvṛ́kebhyaslupīstavamansdagamἀνθρώποιςволка́м
vilkùsvṛ́kānlupōstavansdagansἀνθρώπουςволко́в
vilkaĩsvṛ́kais'волка́ми
vilkuosèvṛ́keṣu'в волка́х

languagestargiftarmycountry
kalbàlingualauksnogibaστρατιάстрана́
kalbõslinguae /-āslauksnosgibōsστρατιᾶςстраны́
kal̃bailinguaelauksnaigibáiστρατιᾷстране́
kal̃bąlinguamlauksnangibaστρατιάνстрану́
kalbàlinguāстрано́й
kalbojèin linguā /-aeв стране́
kal̃balinguaστρατιά
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kal̃boslinguae /-āslauksnosgibōsστρατιαίстра́ны
kalbų̃linguārumlauksnungibōστρατιῶνстран
kalbómslinguīs /-ābuslauksnomansgibōmστρατιαῖςстра́нам
kalbàslinguāslauksnansgibōsστρατιάςстра́ны
kalbomìslinguīs /-ābusстра́нами
kalbosèin linguīsв стра́нах

The first declension. Sg. nom. ends in -as, sg. acc. – in -ą. Latin words of this stem ends in -us in sg. nom., and -um in sg. acc. When these Latin endings succeeded a labial sound, their vowel was originally ŏ: equos – horse, equom; servos – slave, serf, servom. Sg. nom. in Prussian and Gothic is shortened: tavs, dags. Such shortening is present in western and northern Lithuanian dialects: tėvas, -o – father, and tėvs, -o; dagas, -o – heat of the sun, and dags, -o. In Prussian there existed only a shortened form, and it developed one step further in a part of the nouns: kaimis / kaimⁱs – village < kaims < kaimas. There are no neuter nouns in Lithuanian and Latvian, differently from the other given here: Lith. butas – flat, living place, Prus. butan – the same meaning, Lat. aedificium – building. Lithuanian instrumental -u derives from an older -uo, what is seen, for example, in pronominal adjective forms, pronouns: gerù and gerúo-ju, juõ. Lithuanian diphthong uo corresponds to Latin ō. For dat. sg., an ending -uo is also known in dialects. Lithuanian acc. sg. and gen. pl. are written in the letters with an ogonek: ą and ų. An ogonek indicates that the sound is long. Historically these sounds were nasal: vilką < vilkan, vilkų < vilkun. The form with a sound -n is used in some places in north-west Samogitia today. Latin pl. dat.-abl. -īs corresponds to Ancient Greek pl. dat. -ois and Lithuanian pl. instr. -ais. Lithuanian sg. gen. corresponds to Slavic, for example, Russian: vilko and Russian во́лка. Prussian sg. loc. was probably -ai, -ei: bītai – in the evening, kvei – where; compare Lith. namiẽ – at home.
The second declension. Lithuanian and Prussian o denotes a long ō. Narrowed more, it becomes ū. When more open, it is ā; ā was used in Catechisms in Prussian, o – in Elbing vocabulary. The ą, ę correspond to ų, į in dialects of eastern Lithuania and acc. sg. is kalbų, gėlį in these dialects. The case of -ų corresponds to Latvian and Slavic languages: nom. sg. liepa – linden, liepa, ли́па / lipa and acc. sg. liepą and liepų, liepu, ли́пу / lipu.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Inst.
Loc.
Voc.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Inst.
Loc.

stoneman msharp point nname mman mheart nshepherd mname n
akmuõaśmāhomōacūmenemengumahaírtōποιμήνи́мя
akmeñsaśmanashominisacūminisemnisguminshaírtinsποιμένοςи́мени
ãkmeniuiaśmanehominīacūminīemneiguminhaírtinποιμένιи́мени
ãkmenįaśmānamhominemacūmenemningumanhaírtōποιμέναи́мя
akmenimìaśmanāhomineacūmineи́менем
akmenyjèaśmaniin homine /-īin acūmine /-īи́мени
akmeniẽaśmanhomōacūmenποιμήνи́мя
--------
ãkmenysaśmānashominēsacūminagumanshaírtōnaποιμένεςимена́
akmenų̃aśmanāmhominumacūminumgumanēhaírtanēποιμένωνимён
akmenìmsaśmabhyashominibusacūminibusgumamhaírtamποιμέσιимена́м
ãkmenisaśmanashominēsacūminaemninsgumanshaírtōnaποιμέναςимена́
akmenimìsaśmabhishominibusacūminibusимена́ми
akmenysèaśmasuin hominibusin acūminibusв имена́х

Fifth declension. Among variant declensional forms are known: sg. dat. -i, -: akmeni, akmenie, seseri, seserie. Sg. gen. akmenes, pl. nom. akmenes, akmens. In a case of Old Prussian emen – name, e is dropped in other than sg. nom. cases. A drop can similarly occur in other languages, for example: Lith. vanduo – water, sg. gen. variants: vandens, vandenies, vandinies, vandenio, vandinio, vandnio. Gothic wato n – water: pl. forms, for example, nom.-acc. watna.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Inst.
Loc.
Voc.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Inst.
Loc.

castle ftower ftrouble fwife fguest mcity part f
pilìsturrisnautisqēnsgastsπόλιςчасть
piliẽsturrisnauteisqēnáisgastsπόλεωςча́сти
pìliaiturrīnauteiqēnáigastaπόλειча́сти
pìlįturrimnautinqēngastπόλινчасть
pilimìturrīча́стью
pilyjèin turrīв части́
piliẽturrisqēngastπόλι
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pìlysturrēsnautisqēneisgasteisπόλειςча́сти
pilių̃turriumqēnēgastēπόλεωνчасте́й
pilìmsturribusnautimansqēnimgastimπόλεσιчастя́м
pilìsturrēs /-īsnautinsqēninsgastinsπόλειςча́сти
pilimìsturribusчастя́ми
pilysèin turribusв частя́х

night f-
naktìsnáktisnox
naktiẽsnáktyāsnoctis
nãkčiaináktyainoctī
nãktįnáktimnoctem
naktimìnáktyā'
naktyjènáktau'
naktiẽnáktenox
--
nãktysnáktayasnoctēs
naktų̃náktīnāmnoctium
naktìmsnáktibhyasnoctibus
naktìsnáktīsnoctēs
naktimìsnáktibhis'
-

The third declension.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Inst.
Loc.
Voc.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Inst.
Loc.

top
lake
fount
sonfishson-
viršùslacusapussunussūnúsἰχθύςсынъ
viršaũslacūsapussunáussūnós, sūnvàsἰχθύοςсыноу
vir̃šuilacuīapusunáusūnáve / sūnvèἰχθύϊсынови
vir̃šųlacumapunsunusūnúmἰχθύνсынъ
viršumìlacūsūnúnāсынъмъ
viršujèin lacū /-isūnaúсыноу
viršaũlacussunusū́noἰχθύсыноу
------
vir̃šūslacūssunjussūnávasἰχθύεςсынове
viršų̃lacuumsuniwēsūnūnā́m ἰχθύωνсыновъ
viršùmslacubussunumsūnúbhyasἰχθύσιсынъмъ
viršùslacūsapunssununssūnū́nἰχθῦςсыны
viršumìslacubussūnúbhisсынъми
viršuosèin lacubussūnúṣuсынъхъ

flowerthingearthtechnique-
gėlė̃rayísrēszemēτέχνη
gėlė̃srayés / rayyàsreīzemēsτέχνης
gė̃leirayáye / rayyèreīzemeiτέχνῃ
gė̃lęrayímremzemenτέχνην
gėlèrayyā̀'
gėlėjèrayaú'
gė̃leráyerēsτέχνη
----
gė̃lėsrayáyasrēszemēsτέχναι
gėlių̃rayīṇā́mrērumτεχνῶν
gėlė́msrayíbhyasrēbuszemēmansτέχναις
gėlèsrayī́s, rayī́nrēszemensτέχνᾱς
gėlėmìsrayíbhis'
gėlėsèrayíṣu

The fourth declension. Prussian sg. nom. -us is known from Elbing vocabulary, it was shortened to -s in Catechisms. Sg. gen. -us is an innovative form, known from Catechisms, the older form was -aus. A word сынъ is given in Old Slavonic cases.
The second declension, -ė type. Prussian -ē stems became -i in an unaccented position.

Lithuanian and Latvian

Lithuanian declensional endings are given compared with Latvian declensional endings in the table below.