List of state leaders in the 19th century

Africa

Africa: Central

• Kingdom of Kongo –
• Kingdom of Matamba –
• Portuguese Angola, –

• Kingdom of Bamum –
• Kamerun –

• Sultanate of Bagirmi –
• Wadai Empire –
• rule of Rabih az-Zubayr
• French Chad, part of French Equatorial Africa –

• Kuba Kingdom –
• Lunda Empire –
• Yeke Kingdom –
• Congo Free State

• Kingdom of Loango –
• French Congo part of French Equatorial Africa –

• Spanish Guinea –

• Kingdom of Orungu –
• French Gabon, part of French Equatorial Africa –

• Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe –

  Africa: East

• Kingdom of Burundi –
• Wituland –
• Sultanate of Mombasa –
• East Africa Protectorate –
• Kingdom of Rwanda –
• Sultanate of Zanzibar –
• German East Africa –
• Ankole –
• Buganda –
• Bunyoro –
• Uganda Protectorate –

• French Somaliland –
• Italian Eritrea –
• Ethiopian Empire –
• Sultanate of Aussa –
• Kingdom of Garo –
• Kingdom of Gomma –
• Kingdom of Gumma –
• Kingdom of Jimma –
• Kingdom of Kaffa –
• Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea –
• Welayta –
• Sultanate of Hobyo –
• Majeerteen Sultanate –
• Warsangali Sultanate –
• Italian Somaliland part of Italian East Africa –
• British Somaliland –

• Sultanate of Mwali –
• Sultanate of Ndzuwani –
• French Comoros –
• Merina Kingdom
• Malagasy Protectorate –
• French Madagascar –
• Isle de France –
• British Mauritius –
• Colony of Seychelles

  Africa: Northcentral

• Karamanli dynasty of Ottoman Tripolitania –

• Beylik of Tunis
• French protectorate of Tunisia –

  Africa: Northeast

• Khedivate of Egypt

• Sultanate of Darfur –
• Hamaj Regency of Sennar
• Anglo-Egyptian Sudan –

  Africa: Northwest

• Ottoman Algeria –
• French Algeria –

• Morocco: Alaouite dynasty –
• Spanish Sahara, –

  Africa: South

• Bechuanaland Protectorate –

• Kingdom of Lesotho
• Basutoland –

• Ngoni –
• British Central Africa Protectorate –

• Gaza Empire –
• Portuguese Mozambique –

• Gciriku –
• German South West Africa –

• Mthethwa Paramountcy –
• Basutoland, British colony –
• Bechuanaland Protectorate, British protectorate –
• Nieuwe Republiek –
• Orange Free State –
• Zulu Kingdom –
• Cape Colony –
• British Central Africa Protectorate –
• Colony of Natal –
• South African Republic –
• Transvaal Colony –

• Kingdom of Swaziland

• Ngoni –
• Kazembe –
• Barotseland –

• Mthwakazi –
• Company rule in Rhodesia by the British South Africa Company –
• Rozwi Empire –

  Africa: West

• Benin Empire –
• Dahomey –
• Ketu –

• Mossi Kingdom of Bilayanga –
• Mossi Kingdom of Bongandini –
• Mossi Kingdom of Con –
• Mossi Kingdom of Gurunsi –
• Mossi Kingdom of Gwiriko –
• Mossi Kingdom of Kuala –
• Mossi Kingdom of Liptako –
• Mossi Kingdom of Macakoali –
• Mossi Kingdom of Nungu –
• Mossi Kingdom of Pama –
• Mossi Kingdom of Piéla –
• Mossi Kingdom of Tenkodogo –
• Mossi Kingdom of Wogodogo –
• Mossi Kingdom of Yatenga –

• Portuguese Cape Verde –

• Gambia Colony and Protectorate –

• Kingdom of Ashanti –
• Fante Confederacy –
• Gold Coast –

• Imamate of Futa Jallon –
• Wassoulou Empire –
• French Guinea part of French West Africa –

• Kaabu –
• Portuguese Guinea –

• Gyaaman –
• French Ivory Coast part of French West Africa –

• Colony of Liberia
• Liberia –

• Bamana Empire –
• Kaarta –
• Toucouleur Empire
• Kénédougou Kingdom –
• Massina Empire –
• French Sudan part of French West Africa –

• Sultanate of Damagaram –
• Dendi Kingdom –

• Akwa Akpa –
• Bornu Empire
• Borno Emirate / Empire
• Oyo Empire –
• Sultanate of Kano –
• Kano Emirate
• Kingdom of Nri –
• Sokoto Caliphate
• Yauri Emirate –
• Aro Confederacy
• Lagos Colony –
• Northern Nigeria Protectorate –
• Southern Nigeria Protectorate –
• Niger Coast Protectorate

• Jolof / Wolof Empire –
• Cayor –
• Imamate of Futa Toro –
• Saloum –
• Kingdom of Sine –
• French Senegal
• French West Africa –

• Kingdom of Koya –
• Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate, British colony –

• German Togoland –

  Americas

Americas: Caribbean

• Dominican Republic –
• Republic of Haiti –

  Americas: Central

• Costa Rica –
• El Salvador –
• Guatemala –
• Honduras –
• Nicaragua –

  Americas: North

• First Mexican Empire –
• Provisional Government of Mexico –
• First Mexican Republic –
• Centralist Republic of Mexico –
• Second Federal Republic of Mexico –
• Second Mexican Empire –

• Mexico –

• Confederate States of America –
• State of Muskogee –
• United States –

  Americas: South

• Argentina –
• Bolivia –
• Brazil –
• Chile –
• Republic of Colombia –
• Ecuador –
• Paraguay –
• Peru –
• Uruguay –
• Venezuela –

  Asia

Asia: Central

• Kazakh Khanate –
• Junior zhuz –
• Bukey Horde –
• Middle zhuz –

• Tibet under Qing rule –

• Khanate of Kokand –
• Khanate of Khiva –
• Emirate of Bukhara –
• Russian Turkestan –

  Asia: East

• Qing dynasty –

• Republic of Formosa –

• Tokugawa shogunate of Japan
• Empire of Japan
• Ryukyu Kingdom: Second Shō Dynasty –

• Joseon –
• Korean Empire –

  Asia: Southeast

• Bruneian Empire –
• Protectorate of Brunei –

• Kingdom of Cambodia: Middle Period –
• French Protectorate of Cambodia –

• Banten Sultanate –
• Cirebon, Keraton Kasepuhan –
• Cirebon, Kraton Kanoman –
• Cirebon, Panembahan line –
• Bangkalan –
• Sumenep –
• Pamekasan –
• Surakarta Sunanate –
• Yogyakarta Sultanate –
• Mangkunegaran –
• Kalibawang –
• Nangulan –
• Pakualaman –
• Pagaruyung Kingdom –
• Aceh Sultanate –
• Johor Sultanate –
• Sultanate of Deli –
• Sultanate of Langkat –
• Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura –
• Sultanate of Serdang –
• Riau-Lingga Sultanate
• Jambi Sultanate –
• :Ratu Seri Ingalaga, Sultan
• :Agung Seri Ingalaga, Sultan
• :Muhammad Fakhruddin, Sultan
• :Abdul Rahman Nazaruddin, Sultan
• :Thaha Safiuddin, Sultan
• :Ahmad Nazaruddin, Sultan
• :Muhammad Muhieddin, Sultan
• :Ahmad Zainul Abidin, Sultan
• Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate –
• Sultanate of Banjar –
• Sultanate of Sambas –
• Lanfang Republic –
• Sultanate of Bulungan –
• Pontianak Sultanate –
• Sultanate of Gowa –
• Luwu –
• Kingdom of Larantuka –
• Bima Sultanate –
• Amanatun –
• Amarasi –
• Amabi –
• Sonbai Besar –
• Sonbai Kecil –
• Amanuban –
• Sultanate of Bacan –
• Sultanate of Jailolo –
• Sultanate of Tidore –
• Sultanate of Ternate –

• Kingdom of Vientiane –
• Muang Phuan –
• Kingdom of Champasak –
• Kingdom of Luang Phrabang –
• French Protectorate of Luang Phrabang –

• Kedah Sultanate –
• Kelantan Sultanate: Patani dynasty –
• Perak Sultanate: Siak dynasty –
• Terengganu Sultanate –
• Selangor Sultanate –
• Negeri Sembilan –
• Perlis –
• Federated Malay States –
• Unfederated Malay States –
• Straits Settlements –
• Kingdom of Sarawak –
• Crown Colony of Labuan –
• North Borneo –

• Konbaung dynasty –
• British Burma, part of the British Raj –

• Sultanate of Sulu –
• Sultanate of Maguindanao –
• Spanish East Indies, part of the Captaincy General of the Philippines –
• Tagalog Republic Nation –
• Republic of Biak-na-Bato –
• Dictatorial Government of the Philippines –
• Republic of Negros –
• Republic of Zamboanga –
• Revolutionary Government of the Philippines –
• First Philippine Republic

• Colony of Singapore –

• Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam –
• Kingdom of Chiang Mai –

• Portuguese Timor –

• Champa –
• Tây Sơn dynasty –
• Nguyễn dynasty –
• French Indochina –

  Asia: South

• Durrani Empire –
• Emirate of Afghanistan: Barakzai dynasty –

• Nawabs of Bengal –
• Mallabhum –
• Jaintia Kingdom
• Twipra Kingdom
• Tripura

• Bhutan –

• British East India Company rule in India
• British Raj

• Sultanate of the Maldives: Huraa Dynasty –

• Kingdom of Nepal

• Sikh Empire

• Kingdom of Kandy –
• British Ceylon –

  Asia: West

• Bahrain –

• British Cyprus –

• Sublime State of Persia –

• Sheikhdom of Kuwait –

• Oman –

• Qatar –

• Emirate of Diriyah –
• Emirate of Nejd –
• Emirate of Jabal Shammar –

• Ottoman Empire

• Emirate of Abu Dhabi –
• Emirate of Dubai –
• Emirate of Sharjah –
• Emirate of Ajman –
• Umm Al Quwain –
• Emirate of Fujairah –
• Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah –

• Kathiri State of Seiyun –
• Yemeni Zaidi State –
• Lower Yafa –
• Upper Yafa –
• Sultanate of Lahej –
• Mahra Sultanate –

  Europe

Europe: Balkans

• Principality of Bulgaria –

• First Hellenic Republic –
• Kingdom of Greece

• Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro –
• Principality of Montenegro

• Revolutionary Serbia –
• Principality of Serbia
• Kingdom of Serbia

  Europe: British Isles

• United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

  Europe: Central

• Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Germany –

• German Empire
• Electorate of Brandenburg, Kingdom of Prussia –

• Archduchy/ Austrian Empire –

• Kingdom of Bohemia, Kingdom of Hungary –

• Switzerland –

  ''Small central states''

• Prince-Bishopric of Brixen –
• Prince-Bishopric of Chur –
• Liechtenstein –
• Duchy of Teschen –
• Prince-Bishopric of Trent –

• Electorate/ Kingdom of Bavaria –
• Berchtesgaden Prince-Provostry –
• Prince-Bishopric of Freising –
• Imperial County of Ortenburg –
• Pappenheim –
• Prince-Bishopric of Regensburg –

• Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg –
• Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg –

• Electorate of Cologne –
• Elector-Bishopric of Mainz –
• Electoral Palatinate –
• Elector-Bishopric of Trier –

• Bentheim-Bentheim –
• Bentheim-Tecklenburg-Rheda –
• Essen Abbey –
• Herford Abbey –
• Prince-Bishopric of Münster –
• Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück –
• Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn –
• Wied-Neuwied –
• Wied-Runkel –

• Prince-Bishopric of Basel –
• Princely Abbey of Fulda –
• Hesse-Darmstadt –
• Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine –
• Hesse-Homburg –
• Hesse-Kassel –
• Electorate of Hesse –
• Hesse-Philippsthal –
• Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld –
• Hesse-Rotenburg –
• Leiningen-Westerburg-Altleiningen –
• Leiningen-Westerburg-Neuleiningen –
• Principality of Leiningen –
• Solms-Braunfels –
• Prince-Bishopric of Speyer –
• Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont –
• Prince-Bishopric of Worms –

• Electorate/ Kingdom of Saxony –
• Bremen-Verden –
• Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel/ Principality of Wolfenbüttel –
• Duchy of Brunswick –
• Electorate/ Kingdom of Hanover –
• Free City of Hamburg –
• Duchy of Holstein-Oldenburg –
• Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim –
• Prince-bishopric of Lübeck –
• Free City of Lübeck –
• Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin –
• Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz –

• Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld –
• Saxe-Coburg and Gotha –
• Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg –
• Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Hildburghausen –
• Saxe-Meiningen –
• Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach –
• Anhalt-Bernburg –
• Anhalt-Köthen –
• Anhalt-Dessau –
• Duchy of Anhalt –

• Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg –
• Margraviate/ Electorate of Baden –
• Grand Duchy of Baden –
• Breisgau –
• Prince-Bishopric of Constance –
• Prince-Provostry of Ellwangen –
• Princely Abbey of Kempten –
• Königsegg-Aulendorf –
• Königsegg-Rothenfels –
• Stadion-Thannhausen –
• Stadion-Warthausen –
• Duchy/ Electorate of Württemberg –
• Kingdom of Württemberg –

  Europe: East

• Kingdom of Romania
• Russian Empire

  Europe: Nordic

• Denmark–Norway –
• Denmark
• Kingdom of Norway –
• Union between Sweden and Norway
• Gustavian era Sweden –

  Europe: Southcentral

• Kingdom of Italy
• Kingdom of Naples –
• Papal States –
• Duchy of Parma –
• San Marino
• Kingdom of Sardinia, Duchy of Savoy –
• Kingdom of Sicily –
• Grand Duchy of Tuscany –

  Europe: Southwest

• Andorra

• Kingdom of Portugal

• Bourbon Spain –
• Napoleonic Spain
• Kingdom of Spain
• First Spanish Republic
• Bourbon Restoration of Spain

  Europe: West

• Belgium

• French First Republic –
• First French Empire –
• Bourbon Restoration of France
• July Monarchy of France
• French Second Republic
• Second French Empire
• French Third Republic

• Luxembourg

• Monaco –

• Batavian Republic –
• Kingdom of Holland
• Kingdom of the Netherlands

  Eurasia: Caucasus

• Principality of Abkhazia –
• Principality of Abkhazia –

  Oceania

• Kingdom of Tahiti –

• Kingdom of Tonga

• Pitcairn Island –