List of state leaders in 1499

Africa

• Ethiopian Empire – Na'od
• *Adal Sultanate – Muhammad ibn Azhar ad-Din
• Kingdom of Kongo – João I
• Songhai Empire – Askia Mohammad I, Askia of the Songhai Empire

  Americas

• Aztec Empire – Ahuitzotl
• Inca Empire – Huayna Capac
• Muisca Confederation
• * zipa - Nemequene
• * zaque - Quemuenchatocha
• Texcoco – Nezahualpilli, King of Texcoco

  Asia

• Ahmadnagar Sultanate – Ahmad Shah I
• Ava Kingdom - Minkhaung II
• Ayutthaya Kingdom - Ramathibodi II
• Bahmani Sultanate – Muhammad Shah IV
• Bengal Sultanate – Alauddin Husain Shah
• Berar Sultanate – Fath-Allah 'Imad ul-Mulk
• Bidar Sultanate – Qasim Shah I
• Bijapur Sultanate – Yusuf Adil Shah
• Cambodia - Sri Sukonthor, King of Cambodia
• Kingdom of Kotte – Parakramabahu VIII
• Chiang Mai – Müang Kaeo
• China - Hongzhi Emperor
• Delhi Sultanate – Sikandar Lodi
• Đại Việt - Lê Hiến Tông
• Gujarat Sultanate – Mahmud Shah I
• Japan
• * Monarch – Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado
• * Ashikaga shogunate - Ashikaga Yoshizumi
• Kedah Sultanate – Mohammed Jiwa Zainal al-Abidin I
• Korea – Yeonsangun
• Lan Xang - Som Phou, King of Lan Xang
• Malacca Sultanate – Mahmud Shah
• Malwa Sultanate –
• # Ghiyas-ud-Din Shah
• # Nasir-ud-Din Shah
• Kingdom of Mrauk U – Salingathu
• Multan – Husseyn Langah I
• Gajapati Kingdom – Prataparudra Deva
• Pahang – Mansur I
• Hanthawaddy Kingdom – Binnya Ran II
• Ryukyu Kingdom – Shō Shin
• Sindh - Jam Nizamuddin II
• Vijayanagara Empire – Narasimha Raya II

  Europe

• Kingdom of Aragon – Ferdinand II
• Crown of Castile – Isabella I
• Crimean Khanate – Meñli I Giray
• Kingdom of Denmark and Norway – Hans
• *Duchy of Schleswig – Frederick I and John I in condominial rule
• Kingdom of England and Wales – Henry VII
• Kingdom of France – Louis XII
• Holy Roman Empire – Maximilian I
• *Principality of Anhalt-Dessau –
• *#Ernest I
• *#George II
• *#Rudolph IV
• *Principality of Anhalt-Köthen – Waldemar VI
• *Ansbach and Bayreuth – Frederick I, Burgrave and Prince of Ansbach and Bayreuth
• *Margraviate of Baden-Baden – Christoph I
• *Duchy of Bavaria-Dachau – Sigismund, Duke of Bavaria
• *Duchy of Bavaria-Landshut – George
• *Duchy of Bavaria-Munich – Albert IV
• *County of Bentheim-Bentheim – Eberwin
• *County of Bentheim-Lingen – Nicholas III
• *County of Bentheim-Steinfurt – Arnold II
• *County of Bentheim-Tecklenburg – Otto VIII
• *Kingdom of Bohemia – Vladislav II
• *Electorate of Brandenburg
• *#John Cicero
• *#Joachim I Nestor
• *Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen – Johann Rode von Wale
• *Brunswick and Lüneburg
• **Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg – Eric II
• **Principality of Calenberg – Eric II
• **Duchy of Brunswick-Grubenhagen –
• **#Henry IV
• **#Philip I
• **Duchy of Brunswick and Lunenburg, Wolfenbüttel line – Henry IV
• *County of Burgundy – Philip VI, Count of Burgundy
• *Duchy of Burgundy – Philip IV, Duke of Burgundy
• *County of Castell –
• *#George I
• *#John VII
• *#Wolfgang I
• *Duchy of Cleves – John II
• *County of East Frisia – Edzard I
• *County of Fürstenberg –
• *#Henry IX
• *#Wolfgang
• *Duchy of Guelders – Charles
• *Hanau-Babenhausen - Philip II, Count of Hanau-Babenhausen
• *Hanau-Münzenberg - Philipp I, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg
• *Lower Hesse – William II, Landgrave of Hesse
• *Upper Hesse – William III, Landgrave of Hesse
• *Landgraviate of Hesse-Marburg – William III
• *Hohenlohe-Neuenstein - Kraft VII, Count of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein
• *Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst-Weikersheim - John II, Count of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst-Weikersheim
• *County of Hohenzollern – Eitel Frederick II
• *Duchy of Holstein – Frederick I and John I in condominial rule
• *Isenburg-Büdingen - Louis II, Count of Isenburg-Büdingen
• *Duchy of Jülich-Berg – William IV
• *Leiningen-Apremont - Hesso, Count of Leiningen-Apremont
• *Leiningen-Dachsburg-Hartenburg - Emich VIII, Count of Leiningen-Dachsburg-Hartenburg
• *Leiningen-Rickingen –
• *#Herman, Count of Leiningen-Rickingen
• *#Wecker, Count of Leiningen-Rickingen
• *Leiningen-Westerburg - Reinhard V, Count of Leiningen-Westerburg
• *Limburg-Styrum
• *#John III, Count of Limburg-Styrum
• *#Adolph, Count of Limburg-Styrum
• *Lordship of Lippe – Bernard VII
• *Duchy of Lorraine – René II
• *Löwenstein - Louis I, Count of Löwenstein
• *County of Nieder-Isenburg –
• *#James
• *#Gerlach II
• *Mansfeld-Hinter-Ort - Albert VII
• *Mansfeld-Mittel-Ort - Gebhard VII
• *Mansfeld-Querfurt, 2nd Line – Volrad II
• *Mansfeld-Vorder-Ort –
• *#Günther IV
• *#Ernest II
• *#Hoyer IV
• *Duchy of Mecklenburg
• *#Mangus II
• *#Balthasar
• *Nassau-Beilstein –
• *#Henry IV, Count of Nassau-Beilstein
• *#John II, Count of Nassau-Beilstein
• *Nassau-Beilstein-Liebenscheid - Bernard, Count of Nassau-Beilstein-Liebenscheid
• *Nassau-Dillenburg –
• *#Engelbert II, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg
• *#Johann V of Nassau-Vianden-Dietz
• *Nassau-Idstein - Philip, Count of Nassau-Idstein
• *County of Nassau-Saarbrücken – John Louis
• *Nassau-Weilburg - Louis I, Count of Nassau-Weilburg
• *Nassau-Wiesbaden - Adolph III, Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden
• *County of Oldenburg –
• *#Gerhard II
• *#John IV
• *#Adolph
• *Principality of Orange – John II
• *Ortenburg-Neuortenburg - Ulrich II, Count of Ortenburg-Neuortenburg
• *Palatinate-Mosbach-Neumarkt – Otto II, Count Palatine of Mosbach-Neumarkt
• *Palatinate-Simmern – John I, Count Palatine of Simmern
• *Palatinate-Zweibrücken - Alexander
• *Electorate of the Palatinate – Philip
• *Pyrmont – Frederick
• *Reuss-Greiz –
• *#Henry I, Bailiff of Reuss-Greiz
• *#Henry II, Bailiff of Reuss-Greiz
• *#Henry III, Bailiff of Reuss-Greiz
• *Reuss-Lobenstein – Henry II, Bailiff of Reuss-Lobenstein
• *Reuss-Plauen - Henry II, Bailiff of Reuss-Plauen
• *Reuss-Weida - Henry II, Bailiff of Reuss-Weida
• *Saarwerden - John V, Count of Saarwerden
• *Salm-Badenweiler - John VI, Altgrave of Salm-Badenweiler
• *Salm-Blankenburg - Louis, Altgrave of Salm-Blankenburg
• *Salm-Dhaun - Philip, Wild- and Rhinegrave of Salm-Dhaun
• *Salm-Kyrburg - John VII, Wild- and Rhinegrave of Salm-Kyrburg
• *Salm-Reifferscheid - Peter, Altgrave of Salm-Reifferscheid
• *Duchy of Savoy – Philibert II
• *Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg – John V
• *Electorate of Saxony – Frederick III
• *Duchy of Saxony - Albertinian Line – Albert III
• *County of Sayn –
• *#Gerhard III
• *#John V
• *Sayn-Wittgenstein –
• *#William I, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein
• *#John VI, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein
• *Schaumburg and Holstein-Pinneberg –
• *#John I, Count of Schaumburg and Holstein-Pinneberg
• *#Anthony, Count of Schaumburg and Holstein-Pinneberg
• *#Otto III, Count of Schaumburg and Holstein-Pinneberg
• *Schwarzburg-Blankenburg, Elder Line –
• *#Henry XXX, Count of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg
• *#Henry XXXI, Count of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg
• *Schwarzburg-Blankenburg, Younger Line – Günther XXXIX, Count of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg
• *Schwarzburg-Leutenberg - Balthasar II, Count of Schwarzburg-Leutenberg
• *Solms-Braunfels - Otto II, Count of Solms-Braunfels
• *Solms-Lich - Philip, Count of Solms-Lich
• *County of Stolberg – Henry XIX
• *Sulz and Klettgau: Rudolph V, Landgrave of Sulz and Klettgau
• *Upper Salm - John VI, Wild- and Rhinegrave of Upper Salm and Dhaun-Kyrburg
• *Waldeck-Eisenberg - Philip II, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg
• *Waldeck-Wildungen - Henry VIII, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen
• *Wertheim am Main: Michael II, Count of Wertheim
• *Wertheim-Freudenberg - Asmus, Count of Wertheim-Freudenberg
• *County of Wied –
• *#William III
• *#John II
• *Duchy of Württemberg – Ulrich I
• *Zweibrücken-Lichtenberg –
• *#Simon VI Wecker, Count of Zweibrücken-Lichtenberg
• *#Simon VII Wecker, Count of Zweibrücken-Lichtenberg
• *#Reinhard, Count of Zweibrücken-Lichtenberg
• *Zweibrücken-Ochsenstein –
• *#Henry II, Count of Zweibrücken-Ochsenstein
• *#George, Count of Zweibrücken-Ochsenstein
• Kingdom of Hungary – Ulászló II
• Kingdom of León – Isabella I of Castile
• Grand Duchy of Lithuania – Alexander Jagiellon
• Ottoman Empire – Bayezid II
• Kingdom of Poland – John I Olbracht
• Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves –
• * Monarch – Manuel I
• * Regent – Eleanor of Viseu
• Grand Duchy of Moscow – Ivan III
• Kingdom of Scotland – James IV
• Kingdom of Sweden – John, King of Denmark
• Republic of Venice – Agostino Barbarigo, Doge of Venice

  Middle East and North Africa

• Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt – Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri