List of political parties in Malaysia
This is a [Sarawak state election, 2011|]list of political parties in Malaysia, including existing and historical ones.
Legislation
Under the current legislation, all political parties must be registered under the Societies Act.Election expenses
The Election Offences Act regulate the maximum expenses allowed for candidates vying for parliamentary seats and for state seats during the campaign period. The permissible campaign expenditure set by the Election Offences Act is RM100,000 per candidate for state seats, and RM200,000 per candidate for federal seats. According to this guideline, with 505 state seats and 222 parliamentary seats in the 2013 general election, the maximum amount that Barisan Nasional was allowed to spend was only about RM95 million. Due to the lack of record and regulations, Malaysian politicians may not even know how much they spent on their campaigns or overspending the expenditure than permitted by law. Another related problem was the secrecy surrounding political funds and their use. Although many politicians, including members of newly appointed cabinets, voluntarily disclosed their personal finances, such disclosure is not compulsory and many sources of revenue remain obscure.Election deposits
The deposit was RM10,000 to contest a parliamentary seat, or RM5,000 to contest a state assembly seat. The deposit is used to pay for infringements of election laws and is returned after polling day unless the candidate loses and fails to garner more than 12.5 percent or one-eighth of the votes cast. Additionally it is required that each candidate provide a RM5,000 deposit for cleaning up banners and posters after the election.Political donations
Political donations are legal in Malaysia. There is no limit, and parties are not obliged to disclose the source of the funding, which makes political donations a vague subject but still entirely legal in the country. All political donations are allowed to be given into accounts of individuals and accounts of the political party. Anonymous donors and foreigners may request to not to reveal their identities.Political parties are funded by contributions from:
- party members and individual supporters,
- organisations, which share their political views or which stand to benefit from their activities or
- taxpayers respectively the general revenue fund.
Latest election results
The parties
Parties represented in the Parliament and/or the state legislative assemblies
This is the list of coalitions and parties that have representation in the Parliament of Malaysia and/or the state legislative assemblies, sorted by seats held in the Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of the Parliament of Malaysia.Coalitions and electoral pacts
Pakatan Harapan
The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies.Barisan Nasional
The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies.Gagasan Sejahtera
The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies.Gabungan Parti Sarawak
The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies.United Sabah Alliance
The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies.United Alliance
The list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies.Parties without representation in the Parliament and the state legislative assemblies
This is the list of active coalitions and parties that do not have representation in the Parliament of Malaysia and the state legislative assemblies, sorted by the year in which the respective parties were legalised and registered with the Registrar of Societies. Parties that are part of a coalition that is represented are not listed here even if the party itself is not represented.Parties registered with the ROS and EC
Political parties registered with the Registrar of Societies and with the Election Commission.Parties registered with the ROS but not with the EC
Political parties registered with the Registrar of Societies but not with the Election Commission. They are therefore unable to contest in elections using their own symbols. Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah is one such party and has only contested elections using the Barisan Nasional symbol.Historical parties
These organisations have never been or are no longer registered as political bodies, and can thus no longer contest elections. Parties that were registered in British Malaya but operated solely in the territory of Singapore are also excluded from this list. Parties that have been renamed but still exist today as registered political parties are also excluded from this list. A number of these may still exist as organisations in some form, but none are recognised as political parties.Before 1949
| Party | Abbr | Period | Description |
| Communist Party of Malaya Parti Komunis Malaya | CPM | 1930 - 1989 | The party operated legally from 1945 - 1948 before it was banned. After it was banned, the party went underground as the Malayan National Liberation Army to conduct an armed rebellion. In 1989, the party signed a peace treaty with the Malaysian and Thai governments ending its armed rebellion. The current status of the party as an organisation remains unclear. |
| Kesatuan Melayu Muda Young Malays Union | KMM | 1938 - 1945 | The first overtly political Malay national organisation. The party was dissolved after the surrender of Japan in 1945 but her members formed the nucleus of many post-war political parties. |
| Syarikat Bekerjasama Am Saiburi Saiburi General Cooperative Union | SABERKAS | 1945 - 1954 | Originally organised as an underground Malay nationalist movement in Thai occupied Kedah, it was legalised as a political organisation in 1945 just prior to the return of Kedah to the British authorities in 1946. It joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party in 1952 and was eventually merged with the other component parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954. |
| Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya Malay Nationalist Party | PKMM | 1945 - 1948 | The first post-war pan-Malayan Malay nationalist party formed by former activists of the Young Malays Union advocating a form of left-wing nationalism called Marhaenism. The party was banned with the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency. |
| Malayan Democratic Union Kesatuan Demokratik Malaya | MDU | 1945 - 1948 | The first post-war non-ethnic political party primarily but not exclusively operating in Singapore, an integral part of British Malaya then. The party was voluntarily dissolved after their failure to block the formation of the Federation of Malaya in favour of the Malayan Union and the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency. |
| All-Malaya Council of Joint Action | AMCJA | 1946 - 1948 | A coalition of left-wing non-Malay political parties in opposition to the Federation of Malaya proposal. The coalition worked in cooperation with the left-wing Malay dominated coalition, PUTERA. The coalition ceased to exist after the dissolution of MDU, the primary component party, in 1948. |
| Angkatan Pemuda Insaf Aware Youth Corps | API | 1946 - 1947 | Originally the youth wing of the Malay Nationalist Party, the party was organised in 1946 by the more radical left-wing elements and was subsequently banned in 1947. |
| Angkatan Wanita Sedar Awakened Women's Union | AWAS | 1946 - 1948 | Originally the women's wing of the Malay Nationalist Party, the party was organised in 1946 by the more radical left-wing elements and was banned with the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency. |
| Overseas Chinese Youth Association Persatuan Pemuda Tionghua Perantauan Sarawak | OCYA | 1946 - 1959 | |
| New Democratic Youth League of Malaya Liga Pemuda Demokratik Baru Malaya | NDYL | 1946 - 1948 | A member of the AMCJA, it was banned during the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency. |
| Pusat Tenaga Ra'ayat Centre of Peoples' Power | PUTERA | 1947 - 1948 | A coalition of left-wing Malay political parties in opposition to the Federation of Malaya proposal. The coalition worked in cooperation with the left-wing non-Malay dominated coalition, AMCJA. The coalition ceased to exist after the banning of PKMM, the primary component party, in 1948. |
| Barisan Tani Se-Malaya Pan-Malayan Farmers' Front | BATAS | 1947 - 1948 | A left-wing party for organising Malayan peasants. The party was banned with the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency and the party's leader, Musa Ahmad, eventually became the chairman of the Communist Party of Malaya. |
| Majlis Agama Tinggi Se-Malaya Pan-Malayan Supreme Religious Council | MATA | 1947 - 1948 | Established by radical Malay clerics to challenge the Sultan's control of Islam. It was part of the PUTERA coalition that worked with AMCJA in a multi-racial political front. It gradually adopted a more pan-Malay nationalist approach and eventually was absorbed by Hizbul Muslimin. |
| Gerakan Angkatan Muda Young Generation Movement | GERAM | 1947 - 1948 | Led by Aziz Ishak and A Samad Ismail, it was part of the PUTERA coalition that worked with the AMCJA in a multi-racial political front. The movement was banned with the outbreak of the Malayan Emergency. |
| Pemuda Radikal Melayu Radical Malay Youth Party | PERAM | 1948 | Established by Mohamed Mustaza, a former Secretary General of the PKMM, to replace the role played by API which was banned in 1947. PERAM was itself banned after the declaration of the Malayan Emergency. |
| Hizbul Muslimin Malayan Muslim People's Party | HM | 1948 | Inspired by the Muslim Brotherhood and led by Ustaz Abu Bakar al-Baqir, it was an attempt to transform MATA into a full-fledged political party. It ceased to exist after several of its leaders were arrested during the Malayan Emergency. |
| Malacca Labour Party Parti Buruh Melaka | MLP | 1948 - 1954 | With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was first organised within the territorial limits of Malacca in 1948 but only gained registration in 1951. In 1952, it joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954. |
1950 - 1959
| Party | Abbr | Period | Description |
| Sarawak Overseas Chinese Democratic Youth League Liga Pemuda Tionghua Perantauan Demokratik Sarawak | SOCDYL | 1951 - 1954 | Radical left-wing offshoot of the Sarawak Overseas Chinese Youth Association. It was merged into the Sarawak Liberation League in 1954. |
| Radical Party Parti Radikal | RP | 1951 - 1952 | Led by Lim Chong Eu, the party was founded to contest the George Town Municipal Council elections. The party was dissolved in 1952 when Lim joined the Malayan Chinese Association. |
| Alliance Party Parti Perikatan | 1951 - 1973 | A coalition of the United Malays National Organisation, the Malayan Chinese Association and the Malayan Indian Congress. The coalition was expanded to include other parties after the 13 May Incident and was subsequently registered as the Barisan Nasional. | |
| Independence of Malaya Party Parti Kemerdekaan Malaya | IMP | 1951 - 1953 | Established by founding president of the United Malays National Organisation, Onn Jaafar, to be a multi-ethnic party. The party did not do well electorally and was dissolved in 1953. |
| Labour Party of Penang Parti Buruh Pulau Pinang | LPP | 1951 - 1954 | With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was organised within the territorial limits of Penang to contest the George Town Municipal Elections. In 1952, it joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954. |
| Selangor Labour Party Parti Buruh Selangor | SLP | 1951 - 1954 | With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was organised within the territorial limits of Selangor. In 1952, it joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954. |
| Perak Labour Party Parti Buruh Perak | PLP | 1952 - 1954 | With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was organised within the territorial limits of Perak. In 1952 it joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954. |
| Negri Sembilan Labour Party Parti Buruh Negri Sembilan | NSLP | 1952 - 1954 | With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was organised within the territorial limits of Negri Sembilan to contest the Seremban Town Council elections in 1953. In 1952 it joined the Pan-Malayan Labour Party and eventually merged with other state labour parties to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954. |
| Pan-Malayan Labour Party Parti Buruh Se-Malaya | PMLP | 1952 - 1954 | With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, the Pan-Malayan Labour Party was formed as a confederation of labour parties from Penang, Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Malacca and Singapore. With the loosening of regulations, it eventually centralised its organisation to form the Labour Party of Malaya in 1954. |
| National Association of Perak Parti Kebangsaan Perak | NAP | 1953 - 1959 | Formed and led by the first Menteri Besar of Perak, Abdul Wahab Toh Muda Abdul Aziz, the party was a multi-ethnic party that cooperated with the Independence of Malaya Party and later with Parti Negara. The party was renamed the Perak National Democratic Association and eventually absorbed by the United Malays National Organisation and the Malayan Chinese Association after the death of the founder. |
| Province Wellesley Labour Party Parti Buruh Seberang Prai | PWLP | 1953 - 1959 | With government restrictions on forming a pan-Malayan labour party, this party was organised within the territorial limits of Penang and competed against the Labour Party of Penang in the George Town Municipal Council elections in 1953. The party did not join the Pan-Malayan Labour Party and existed separately until its eventual merger with the LPM. |
| Parti Negara National Party | PN | 1953 - 1962 | The successor party to the Independence of Malaya Party, it took a more Malay nationalistic stance compared to its predecessor but maintained a multi-ethnic composition. The party was dissolved after the death of its founding president, Onn Jaafar. |
| Malaysia People's Progressive Party Parti Progresif Penduduk Malaysia | myPPP | 1953 - 2019 | A multiracial political party in Malaysia which was one of the component members of the National Front or Barisan Nasional coalition from 1973 to 2018. After losing the 2018 election, the party has been split into two factions - one led by Maglin Dennis D'Cruz who supported myPPP remaining part of the BN coalition and the other led by party president M. Kayveas who insisted on myPPP leaving the BN coalition. The latter emerged victorious in the immediate power struggle and myPPP subsequently exited the Barisan Nasional coalition. The Registrar of Societies has deregistered MyPPP, which is facing leadership problems, effective 14 Jan 2019. |
| Labour Party of Malaya Parti Buruh Malaya | LPM | 1954 - 1972 | With the easing of restrictions, the Pan-Malayan Labour Party re-organised itself from a confederation of labour parties into a centralised party. |
| Sarawak Liberation League Liga Pembebasan Sarawak | SLL | 1954 - 1956 | A radical left-wing political organisation in Sarawak, it was merged into the Sarawak Advanced Youth Association in 1956 after being proscribed by the colonial authorities. |
| Sarawak Advanced Youth Association Persatuan Pemuda Progresif Sarawak | SAYA | 1956 - 1971 | A militant left-wing political organisation in Sarawak, it eventually coalesced with other radical left-wing groups and formed the nucleus of the North Kalimantan Communist Party. |
| Malayan Socialist Youth League Liga Pemuda Sosialis Malaya | MSYL | 1956 - 1958 | Organised as the youth wing of the Labour Party of Malaya, it was eventually proscribed and banned shortly after the independence of Malaya. |
| Malayan Party Parti Malaya | MP | 1956 - 1964 | A Malacca based party, it was established to retain Malacca's status as a Crown Colony. With the formation of Malaysia in 1963, most members defected to the Alliance Party and the party eventually faded out. |
| Malayan Peoples' Socialist Front Fron Sosialis Rakyat Malaya | FSRM | 1957 - 1969 | A coalition initially comprising the Labour Party of Malaya and Partai Ra'ayat, it became the major Opposition party in the newly independent Malaya until the Confrontation resulted in its persecution and eventual demise. |
1960 - 1969
| Party | Abbr | Period | Description |
| Parti Negara Sarawak National Party of Sarawak | PANAS | 1960 - 1968 | A bumiputera dominated multi-ethnic political party, it was second political party to registered in Sarawak, it was established to contest municipal and district council elections. In 1968 the party merged with the Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak to form Parti Bumiputera. |
| United National Kadazan Organisation Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Kadazan Bersatu | UNKO | 1961 - 1964 | Established by Donald Stephens, the first indigenous party in Sabah was modeled after UMNO in Malaya to represent the interests of the Kadazandusun community. The party split in 1962 with a group led by G. S. Sundang going on to form the United Pasok Momogun Organisation. |
| United Sabah National Organisation Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Sabah Bersatu | USNO | 1961 - 1996 | Established by Mustapha Harun, it was established as a multi-ethnic party but was dominated by the Muslim Bajau community. The party was eventually dissolved in 1996 with her members either joining UMNO or Parti Bersatu Sabah after the dissolution. |
| Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak Sarawak Native People's Front | BARJASA | 1961 - 1968 | A Muslim bumiputera party primarily representing the interests of the ethnic Malay and Melanau community, it merged with Parti Negara Sarawak in 1968 to form Parti Bumiputera. |
| Sarawak National Party Parti Kebangsaan Sarawak | SNAP | 1961 - 2013 | A multi-ethnic party, it joined the Sarawak Alliance but was expelled in 1965. It joined the Barisan Nasional coalition in 1976 but was again expelled in 2004. It then joined the Pakatan Rakyat coalition in 2010 but withdrew just before the 2011 Sarawak state election. Various internal power struggles culminated in the de-registration of the party in 2013. |
| North Borneo Democratic Party Parti Demokratik Borneo Utara | NBDP | 1962 | A Chinese-based party that was established in Jesselton, it merged later that same year with the Sandakan based United Party to form the Borneo Utara National Party. |
| United Party Parti Bersatu | UP | 1962 | A Chinese-based party that was established in Sandakan, it merged later that same year with the Jesselton based North Borneo Democratic Party to form the Borneo Utara National Party. |
| United Pasok Momogun National Organisation Persatuan Kebangsaan Pasok Momogun Bersatu | Pasok Momogun / UPMO | 1962 - 1964 | A breakaway from the United National Kadazan Organisation, it eventually reunited with its parent party to form the United Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation and formed the Sabah Alliance with the United Sabah National Organisation and the Sabah National Party. |
| Borneo Utara National Party Parti Kebangsaan Borneo Utara | BUNAP | 1962 - 1963 | A merger of the North Borneo Democratic Party and the United Party, it was renamed the Sabah National Party after the independence of Sabah within the federation of Malaysia. |
| Sarawak Chinese Association Persatuan Cina Sarawak | SCA | 1962 - 1974 | A Chinese-based party set up by former Parti Negara Sarawak, it was part of the Sarawak Alliance. In 1970, most of its members crossed over to the Sarawak United Peoples' Party. SCA fell into inactivity and was wounded up by its remnant members. |
| Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak Sarawak Native's Heritage Party | PESAKA | 1962 - 1973 | A party established by Tun Jugah to represent Iban interests, it was in direct competition with the Sarawak National Party. It merged with Parti Bumiputera in 1973 to form the Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu. |
| United Democratic Party Parti Demokratik Bersatu | UDP | 1962 - 1968 | Established by Lim Chong Eu, a former president of the Malayan Chinese Association, it won a single seat in the 1964 general election. In 1968 when Lim joined forces with a few other notable politicians to form Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia. |
| Sabah Indian Congress Kongres India Sabah | SIC | 1962 - 1975 | A small party representing the interests of the Indian community in Sabah, it was part of the Sabah Alliance and held one of the nominated seats in the Sabah State Assembly until 1974 when the State Government fell to Parti Bersatu Rakyat Jelata Sabah. It subsequently ceased being active. |
| Sabah National Party Parti Kebangsaan Sabah | SANAP | 1963 - 1965 | Formerly the Borneo Utara National Party, it was renamed the Sabah National Party after the independence of Sabah within the federation of Malaysia. In 1965, it absorbed the social organisation, the Sabah Chinese Association, and renamed itself as the latter. |
| National Convention Party Parti Perhimpunan Kebangsaan | NCP | 1963 - 1965 | Established by Abdul Aziz Ishak, a former Federal Minister in Tunku Abdul Rahman's first and second administration, the party was a component of the Malayan Peoples' Socialist Front. It was weakened after the arrest of Aziz under the Internal Security Act in 1964 and subsequently dissolved. |
| United Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation Persatuan Pasaokmomogun Kadazan Bersatu | UPKO | 1964 - 1967 | A merger of the United Kadazan National Organisation and the United Pasok Momogun National Organisation, it formed the Sabah Alliance with the United Sabah National Organisation and the Sabah National Party. By 1967, the party was absorbed the United Sabah National Organisation and had ceased to exist as an organised force. |
| Machinda Party Parti Machinda | MACHINDA | 1964 - 1967 | Formed by dissidents of the Sarawak United Peoples' Party who were discomforted by the increasing communist influence and led by Michael Buma, the party participated in the Malaysian Solidarity Convention. Internal conflict over the participation of the party in the MSC eventually caused the party's dissolution in 1967 |
| Sabah Chinese Association Persatuan Cina Sabah | SCA | 1965 - 1979 | Renamed from the Sabah National Party after absorbing the smaller non-political Sabah Chinese Association, it was part of the Sabah Alliance until it left in 1976. In 1978, most of its leaders and members have left to form the Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party and the party was eventually deregistered in 1979. |
| Malaysian Solidarity Convention Konvensyen Solidariti Malaysia | MSC | 1965 | A coalition led by the People's Action Party of Malaya consisting also of the United Democratic Party, the People's Progressive Party, the Sarawak United Peoples' Party and the Machinda Party to challenge what they perceived as the growth of communalism in Malaysia. The MSC was short-lived as PAP, the main convenor, was de-registered following the withdrawal of Singapore from Malaysia. |
| United Malaysian Chinese Organisation Persatuan Cina Malaysia Bersatu | UMCO | 1966 - 1970 | Formed by former founding member of the Malayan Chinese Association and founding Secretary General of the United Democratic Party, Chin See Yin, the party failed to obtain electoral support in the 1969 general election and was dissolved in the aftermath of the 13 May Incident. |
| Parti Bumiputera Bumiputera Party | PB | 1967 - 1973 | A merger of the Parti Negara Sarawak and Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak, the party eventually merged with Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak to form Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu in 1973. |
| Parti Marhaen Malaysia Malaysian Marhaen Party | PMM | 1968 - 1974 | Formed after the release of Parti Rakyat Malaysia founder, Ahmad Boestamam, the party was a result of Boestamam's disagreement with his former party's adoption of scientific socialism as its ideology. After the failure of the party to win electoral support in the 1974 general election, it merged with Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia. |
1970 - 1979
| Party | Abbr | Period | Description |
| United Sabah Action Party Parti Tindakan Sabah Bersatu | USAP | 1970 - 1974 | Formed by former United Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation youth leader, Kalakau Untol, the party was short lived and dissolved after Kulakau joined Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia in 1974. |
| North Kalimantan Communist Party Parti Komunis Kalimantan Utara | NKCP | 1971 - 1990 | Formally established with the consolidation of activist and guerilla forces operating previously as the Sarawak Advanced Youth Association, communist elements of the Sarawak United Peoples' Party, the Sarawak Peoples' Guerilla Force, and the North Kalimantan Peoples' Army. The NKCP fought a low intensity insurgency against the Malaysian government until a peace agreement was signed in 1990. |
| Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia Malaysian Social Justice Party | PEKEMAS | 1972 - 1982 | Established by dissidents of Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia after the party joined Barisan Nasional, the party contested in the 1974, 1978, and 1982 general elections. The party did not manage to win much electoral support and lost members to Parti Sosialis Rakyat Malaysia and the Democratic Action Party. After its failure to win any seats in the 1982 general election, the party was eventually dissolved. |
| Communist Party of Malaya Parti Komunis Malaya | CPM - RF | 1973 - 1983 | Established after a party purge by the North Malayan Bureau the Communist Party of Malaya when the 8th Regiment in Sadao broke from the main party. It merged with the Communist Party of Malaya in 1983 to form the Communist Party of Malaysia. |
| Communist Party of Malaya Parti Komunis Malaya | CPM - ML | 1974 - 1983 | Established after a party purge by the North Malayan Bureau of the Communist Party of Malaya when the 2nd district of the 12th Regiment broke from the main party. It merged with the Communist Party of Malaya in 1983 to form the Communist Party of Malaysia. |
| Parti Bisamah Sarawak Sarawak Unity Party | BISAMAH | 1974 - 1978 | Founded by former SNAP activist, Nelson Kundai Ngareng, the party was renamed Parti Umat Sarawak in 1977. It contested the 1978 general election but failed to win any seats and was dissolved shortly thereafter. |
| Independent People's Progressive Party Parti Progresif Penduduk Bebas | IPPP | 1974 - 1976 | Established by dissidents of the People's Progressive Party after the party joined Barisan Nasional, the party contested in the 1974 general election but failed to gain any seats. The party became defunct shortly thereafter. |
| Kesatuan Insaf Tanah Air Homeland Awareness Union | KITA | 1974 - 1979 | A multi-ethnic party by erstwhile members of Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia and the PAS who disagreed with the decision of their former parties to join Barisan Nasional. The party was led by former PAS MP, Hashim Gera, and contested the 1974 and 1978 general elections. Having failed to gain electoral support, the party dissolved shortly their 1978 outing. |
| Parti Negara Rakyat Sarawak Sarawak Peoples' National Party | NEGARA | 1974 - 1999 | A small Sarawak based political party that was originally rumoured to have been funded by the Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu to split the Opposition votes. It put up a strong challenge in the 1991 Sarawak state election together with Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak on a campaign promise to appoint a Dayak Chief Minister but was badly defeated. |
| Parti Bersatu Rakyat Jelata Sabah Sabah People's United Front | BERJAYA | 1976 - 1991 | Set up by the first Chief Minister of Sabah, Donald Stephens, and USNO Secretary-General, Harris Salleh, the party challenged USNO's dominance of Sabah politics and successfully won the 1976 Sabah state election. The party formed the state government for two terms before losing the 1985 election to Parti Bersatu Sabah. In 1991, the party together with USNO merged to form the Sabah chapter of the United Malays National Organisation. |
| Parti Perhimpunan Sabah Bersatu United Sabah Assembly Party | PUSAKA | 1977 - 1978 | A short lived party established by Kalakau Untol, the party was dissolved when Kalakau joined Parti Bersatu Rakyat Jelata Sabah. |
| Sarawak People's Organisation Pertubuhan Rakyat Sarawak | SAPO | 1978 - 1982 | Formed by former SNAP Miri branch secretary, Raymond Szetu Mei Thong to protest the party's entry in to Barisan Nasional in 1976. The party won a seat in the 1978 general election but lost it in the following term. The party then ceased to exist as an organised force thereafter. |
| Social Democratic Party Parti Sosial Demokratik | SDP | 1978 - 1986 | Established by dissidents of the Democratic Action Party and led by Yeap Ghim Guan, the party was unable to gain electoral support and re-united with the parent party in 1986. |
| Parti Anak Jati Sarawak Sarawak Native's Party | PAJAR | 1978 - 1982 | Established by dissidents of the Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu led by Alli Kawi, it emerged as a major contender in Sarawak and fielded many candidates in the 1978 Sarawak election but faded away after a poor electoral showing. |
| Parti Sarawak Demokratik Bersatu Sarawak United Democratic Party | SUDP / BERSATU | 1978 - 1988 | Contested in both the 1983 and 1987 Sarawak elections but faded away after a poor electoral showing in both elections. |
| United Pasok Nunukragang National Organisation Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Pasok Nunukragang Bersatu | PASOK | 1978 - 2008 | Set up by former Sabah Deputy Chief Minister G. S. Sundang, the party did not see much electoral success but have nurtured many politicians in its ranks that eventually gained prominency in Sabah. The party was de-registered in 2008 after failing to resolve a leadership crisis. |
1980–1989
| Party | Abbr | Period | Description |
| Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party Parti Cina Bersatu Sabah | SCCP | 1980 - 1990 | A breakaway from Sabah Chinese Association after the party's poor showing in the 1976 state election. In 1989, its leaders abandoned the party and crossed over to the newly formed Liberal Democratic Party. |
| Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia Muslim People's Party of Malaysia | HAMIM | 1983 - 1998 | Formed by the former president of the PAS, Asri Muda, it joined Barisan Nasional and was part of the ruling coalition of the state of Kelantan until the state fell to PAS again in 1990. The party's last electoral foray was in 1995 after which it eventually fell into inactivity and later de-registered. |
| Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak Sarawak Native People's Party | PBDS | 1983 - 2004 | Formed by Leo Moggie Irok after a failed attempt to win the presidency of the Sarawak National Party, it was the main representative of the Dayak community in Barisan Nasional until its splintering and subsequent de-registration in 2004. |
| Sarawak United Labour Party Kongres Buruh Bersatu Sarawak | PLUS | 1983 - 1991 | A small Sibu based political party, it contested both the 1986 and 1990 general elections but failed to win any representation. It disbanded shortly thereafter. |
| Parti Bersatu Rakyat Bumiputera Sabah Sabah United Bumiputera People's Party | BERSEPADU | 1984 - ? | Founded by former Sabah state minister Rauf Othman who was expelled from BERJAYA and then joined but left USNO. It contested in the 1985 Sabah state election but failed to capture any seats. |
| Parti Nasionalis Malaysia Malaysian Nationalist Party | NASMA | 1985 - 1989 | The first Malay majority multi-racial party in the Peninsular since Parti Negara, it was embroiled in a leadership tussle within the first year, which triggered mass resignations. Entering the 1986 general Election in a weakened state, it did not capture any seat and faded away shortly after. |
| Parti Momogun Kebansaan Malaysia Malaysian National Momogun Party | MOMOGUN | 1985 - ? | A Sabah-based party that contested only in the 1986 general election, it later changed its name to Parti Momogun Kebangsaan Sabah. Momogun has since become dormant. |
| Democratic Malaysian Indian Party Parti Demokratik India Malaysia | DMIP | 1985 - 1997 | A breakaway from the Malaysian Indian Congress led by a former Vice-President of the party, V. Govindaraj. After a ten-year effort to join Barisan Nasional ended in failure, the party was dissolved a Govindaraj returned to his original party. |
| Sabah Chinese Party Parti Cina Sabah | PCS | 1986 | Set up by former Parti Bersatu Sabah State Assembly Member Francis Leong, it applied to join Barisan Nasional but was turned down. A few months after registration, PCS proposed to merge with Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party, with the latter declining the offer, and the party was subsequently dissolved. |
| Malaysian Solidarity Party Parti Solidariti Malaysia | PCS | 1986 - 1990 | Set up by former Malaysian Chinese Association Secretary-General, Yeoh Poh San, the party was part of the Gagasan Rakyat coalition but dissolved after the resignation of Yeoh and other Committee members after the 1990 general election. |
| Harakah Keadilan Rakyat People's Justice Movement | HAK | 1986 | A coalition composed of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, Parti Rakyat Malaysia, Parti Nasionalis Malaysia, and the Social Democratic Party set up to contest the 1986 general election against Barisan Nasional. |
| Persatuan Rakyat Malaysia Sarawak Sarawak Malaysian People's Association | PERMAS | 1987 - 1991 | Formed in the aftermath of the 1987 Ming Court Affair by dissidents against the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, the party managed to win a total of 20 seats with its ally, Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak in the 1987 Sarawak election but was unable to unseat the Barisan Nasional. It failed to retain any of its seats in the 1991 election and the party dissolved shortly thereafter. |
| Community Coalition Congress Kongres Penyatuan Masyarakat | CCC | 1988 - 2010 | Established as the Chinese Concultative Council of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party to face the 1986 general election, it was formally registered as a political party in 1988. It did not participate directly in any general election and was subsequently superseded by PAS Supporters' Assembly, an official wing of the larger party. |
| Parti Melayu Semangat 46 Spirit of 46 Malay Party | S46 | 1989 - 1996 | Formed by the losing faction in UMNO's contentious party elections in 1987, it was led by Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah. It was part of the Gagasan Rakyat and Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah coalitions that contested the 1990 general election. By the mid 1990s it had grown severely weakened and in 1996 the party was dissolved when Razaleigh returned to UMNO. |
| Parti Rakyat Sabah Sabah People's Party | PRS | 1989 - 1991 | Founded by former BERJAYA leader James Ongkili to challenge and defeat the then-dominant Parti Bersatu Sabah in Sabah but he ultimately left the party to join PBS which was led by his uncle, Joseph Pairin Kitingan. |
| Angkatan Keadilan Rakyat People's Justice Front | AKAR | 1989 - 2001 | Founded by a splinter of Parti Bersatu Sabah headed by Mark Koding, it joined Barisan Nasional in 1991. In 1998, it amended its name to Angkatan Keadilan Rakyat Bersatu. In 1996, a leadership tussle between its top two leaders Pandikar Amin Mulia and Jeffrey Kitingan led to the latter returning to PBS with a large group. Eventually, Pandikar and party remnants decided to dissolve the party and join UMNO. |
| Gagasan Rakyat People's Might | GR | 1989 - 1996 | A coalition comprising the Democratic Action Party, Parti Melayu Semangat 46, Parti Rakyat Malaysia, Parti Bersatu Sabah, and the All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front to contest the 1990 general election. Disputes between the DAP and S46 eventually caused the coalition to fall apart and the coalition was dissolved after a poor showing in the 1995 general election. |
| Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah Muslim Unity Movement | APU | 1989 - 1996 | A coalition comprising the Parti Melayu Semangat 46, PAS, BERJASA, and the Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia to contest the 1990 general election. It won control of the Kelantan state government but was formally disbanded after 1995 general election. |
| Parti Perpaduan Masyarakat Community Unity Party | PPM | 1989 - ? | Never contested in any general election |
| Parti Merdeka Malaysia Malaysian Independence Party | PMM | 1989 - ? | Never contested in any general election |
1990 - 1999
| Party | Abbr | Period | Description |
| United Action Party Parti Tindakan Bersatu | UAP | 1990 - ? | A small ethnic Chinese based party in Sabah. |
| Malaysian Democratic Party Parti Demokratik Malaysia | MDP | 1998 - 2008 | Established by Democratic Action Party dissidents, Wee Choo Keong and Yeap Ghim Guan, the party contested the 1999 and 2004 elections but failed to win any seat. In 2008, Wee joined Parti Keadilan Rakyat and the party was dissolved. |
| Barisan Rakyat Sabah Bersekutu Federated Sabah People's Front | BERSEKUTU | 1998 - 2010 | Established by former Sabah Chief Minister, Harris Salleh, the party contested the 1999 general election but failed to win any seats. In 2010, the party was dissolved and Harris went on to form the Sabah People's Front. |
| Barisan Alternatif Alternative Front | BA | 1998 - 2004 | A coalition formed between the KeADILan, DAP, PAS, and PRM, it contested the 1999 and 2004 elections. Tensions between DAP and PAS caused the pact to fragment and by 2004, it had ceased to exist. |
| Angkatan Insaf Rakyat Conscious People's Movement | AIR | 1999 | A coalition formed by splinter parties and groups of PAS and led by AKIM, it consisted of AKIM, HAMIM, BERJASA, and two other smaller groups. |
| Parti Reformasi Insan Malaysia Malaysian People's Reform Party | PRIM | 1999 - 2009 | Founded by P. Uthayakumar after he left Parti Keadilan Nasional in 1999, the party failed to obtain registration. PRIM activists formed the core of the HINDRAF. HINDRAF was banned in 2007 and its leaders, including Uthayakumar was arrested under the Internal Security Act. Upon Uthayakumar's release, he formed the Human Rights Party. |
2000 - 2009
| Party | Abbr | Period | Description |
| Malaysian Dayak Congress Kongres Dayak Malaysia | MDC | 2005 - 2013 | Formed by supporters of Daniel Tajem who fought Dr James Masing in a bitter power struggle in Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak in 2003 - 2004. This resulted in the de-registration of PBDS with Masing's supporters forming Parti Rakyat Sarawak. MDC however failed to obtain registration and her key leaders contested subsequent elections as Independents or representatives of other parties like Parti Keadilan Rakyat. In 2013, one group managed to successfully register Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak Baru. |
| Malaysian Indian Democratic Action Front Barisan Bertindak Demokratik India Malaysia | MINDRAF | 2005 - 2009 | Formed by a veteran journalist Manuel Lopez to consolidate the obectives of the HINDRAF into a political movement, it failed to obtain registration and was hampered by the arrest of four major HINDRAF activists under the Internal Security Act. In 2009, the released detainees and party activists successfully registered the Human Rights Party. |
| Parti Mahasiswa Negara National Students' Party | PMN | 2008 | A multi-ethnic political party led by activists of the PAS friendly All Malaysia Muslim Undergraduates Movement and supported by activists of the National Undergraduates Action Front, and Malaysian Students Solidarity, it failed to obatin registration as it was deemed to be against the provisions of the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 that forbade students from active participation in politics. |
| Pakatan Rakyat People's Pact | PR | 2008 -2015 | A coalition between PKR, the DAP, the PAS and the SNAP that was formed after the 2008 general election. It failed to obtain registration but continued to operate as an electoral pact in the 2013 general election. In 2015, tensions between the DAP and PAS caused the coalition to fracture with PKR, DAP and the new PAS splinter party, AMANAH forming a new coalition called Pakatan Harapan while PAS went on to form its own coalition called Gagasan Sejahtera. |
2010 – ''present''
| Party | Abbr | Period | Description |
| Sabah People's Front Barisan Bersatu Sabah | SPF | 2010 - 2012 | A splinter party of the Federated Sabah People's Front. However, in 2012, SPF was took over by some former Sarawak Peoples' Party members led by dissident leader Sng Chee Hua and turned into the new Sarawak Workers Party. Meanwhile, the party former president Berman Angkap formed and became the president of new Sabah Peace Party in 2013. |
| Parti Tenaga Rakyat Sarawak Sarawak People's Energy Party | TERAS | 2013 - 2016 | A splinter party of the Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party, it attempted to join Barisan Nasional but failed. Members contested the 2016 Sarawak state election as direct candidates of the BN. In 2016, the party officially dissolved itself to allow for their members who won as direct BN candidates to join any component party of the coalition. |
| Parti Harapan Rakyat Sabah Sabah People's Hope Party | PHRS | 2016 - 2019 | A Sabah-based-opposition party founded by Lajim Ukin. The party held an extraordinary general meeting after its Supreme Council meeting on 5 April 2019 unanimously decided to dissolve the party and absorb its 64,000 members into Malaysian United Indigenous Party or Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia at the launch of the party's Sabah chapter on 6 April 2019 in Kota Kinabalu. |