List of human spaceflights to Mir
Mir was a Soviet and later Russian space station, operational in low Earth orbit from [|1986] to 2001. With a mass greater than that of any previous space station, Mir was the first of the non-monolithic, third generation of space stations, constructed from 1986 to [|1996] with a modular design. The station was the largest artificial satellite orbiting the Earth until its deorbit on 21 March 2001, a record now surpassed by the International Space Station. Mir served as a microgravity research laboratory in which crews conducted experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology and spacecraft systems in order to develop technologies required for the permanent occupation of space.
Following the success of the Salyut programme, Mir represented the next stage in the Soviet Union's space station programme. The first module of the station, known as the core module or base block, was launched in 1986, and was followed by six further modules, Kvant-2, Kristall, Spektr, the docking module and Priroda ), all launched by Proton rockets. When complete, the station consisted of seven pressurised modules and several unpressurised components. Power was provided by several solar arrays mounted directly on the modules. The station was maintained at an orbit between and altitude and travelled at an average speed of 27,700 km/h, completing 15.7 Earth orbits per day.
Human spaceflights were vital to the operation of Mir, allowing crews and equipment to be carried to and from the space station. Mir was visited by a total of 39 crewed missions, comprising 30 Soyuz flights and 9 Space Shuttle flights. These missions carried both long-duration crew members flying principal expeditions and short-term visitors. Many of the crew who visited Mir used different spacecraft to launch than they did to land; the first such examples were Aleksandr Viktorenko and Muhammed Faris who flew up in Soyuz TM-3 and landed a week later in Soyuz TM-2 on 30 July [|1987]. The largest crew aboard Mir simultaneously was 6, which first occurred with the launch of Soyuz TM-7 on 26 November [|1988] and lasted for just over three weeks.
In this list, uncrewed visiting spacecraft are excluded, and long-duration crew members are listed in bold. Times are given in Coordinated Universal Time. "Time docked" refers to the spacecraft and does not necessarily correspond to the crew.
| 198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000 |
| # | Mission | Launch date | Time docked | Landing date | Launch crew | Crew photo | Crew patch | Notes |
| 1. | Soyuz T-15 | 13 March 1986 12:33:09 | ~52 days ~20 days | 16 July 1986 12:34:05 |  Leonid Kizim Vladimir Solovyov | Delivered the first crew, flying expedition EO-1, to Mir, then undocked, flew to and docked with Salyut 7 before returning to Mir. Remains the only spacecraft to have visited two space stations during one mission. | ||
| 2. | Soyuz TM-2 | 5 February 1987 21:38:16 | ~172 days | 30 July 1987 01:04:12 | Yuri Romanenko Aleksandr Laveykin | Delivered the second crew, flying expedition EO-2, to Mir. | ||
| 3. | Soyuz TM-3 | 22 July 1987 01:59:17 | ~158 days | 29 December 1987 09:16:15 | Aleksandr Aleksandrov Aleksandr Viktorenko Muhammed Faris | Delivered a third crew member, Aleksandrov, for EO-2, as well as the first Mir Intercosmos mission, EP-1, to the station. The EP-1 crew members, Viktorenko and Faris, returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-2 after 8 days. | ||
| 4. | Soyuz TM-4 | 21 December 1987 11:18:03 | ~177 days | 17 June 1988 10:12:32 | Vladimir Titov Musa Manarov Anatoli Levchenko | Delivered the third expedition crew, EO-3, to Mir, in addition to Anatoli Levchenko, who returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-3 with the returning EO-2 crewmembers after 8 days. | ||
| 5. | Soyuz TM-5 | 7 June 1988 14:03:13 | ~90 days | 7 September 1988 00:49:38 | Anatoly Solovyev Viktor Savinykh Aleksandr Aleksandrov | Delivered the second Mir Intercosmos mission, EP-2, to the station. All three crew returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-4 after 10 days. | ||
| 6. | Soyuz TM-6 | 29 August 1988 04:23:11 | ~112 days | 21 December 1988 09:57:00 | Valeri Polyakov Vladimir Lyakhov Abdul Ahad Mohmand | Delivered a third crew member, Polyakov, for EO-3, in addition to the third Mir Intercosmos crew, EP-3, who returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-5 after 9 days. | ||
| 7. | Soyuz TM-7 | 26 November 1988 15:49:34 | ~149 days | 27 April [|1989] 02:57:58 | Aleksandr Volkov Sergei Krikalev Jean-Loup Chrétien | Delivered the EO-4 and Aragatz crews to Mir, with Chrétien returning to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-6 after 25 days. | ||
| 8. | Soyuz TM-8 | 5 September 1989 21:38:03 | ~165 days | 19 February 1990 04:36:18 | Aleksandr Viktorenko Aleksandr Serebrov | Delivered the EO-5 crew to Mir. | ||
| 9. | Soyuz TM-9 | 11 February [|1990] 06:16:00 | ~177 days | 9 August 1990 07:33:57 | Anatoly Solovyev Aleksandr Balandin | Delivered the EO-6 crew to Mir. | ||
| 10. | Soyuz TM-10 | 1 August 1990 09:32:21 | ~129 days | 10 December 1990 06:08:12 | Gennadi Manakov Gennady Strekalov | Delivered the EO-7 crew to Mir. | ||
| 11. | Soyuz TM-11 | 1 December 1990 08:13:32 | ~173 days | 26 May [|1991] 10:04:13 | Viktor Afanasyev Musa Manarov Toyohiro Akiyama | Delivered the EO-8 crew to Mir, in addition to the Japanese Kosmoreporter mission. Akiyama, who became the first Japanese citizen to fly in space, returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-10 after 8 days. | ||
| 12. | Soyuz TM-12 | 18 May 1991 12:50:28 | ~142 days | 10 October 1991 04:12:18 | Anatoly Artsebarsky /  Sergei Krikalev Helen Sharman | Delivered the EO-9 crew to Mir, in addition to the British Project Juno mission. Sharman, the first Briton to travel into space whilst not holding American citizenship, returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-11 after 8 days. | ||
| 13. | Soyuz TM-13 | 2 October 1991 05:59:38 | ~173 days | 25 March [|1992] 08:51:22 | Toktar Aubakirov Franz Viehböck | The last crewed spaceflight ever launched by the Soviet Union, Soyuz TM-13 delivered a third crew member to Mir for EO-10, in addition to carrying the first Austrian to go into space as part of the Austromir '91 mission. Aubakirov and Viehböck returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TMA-12 after 8 days. | ||
| 14. | Soyuz TM-14 | 17 March 1992 10:54:30 | ~143 days | 10 August 1992 01:05:02 | Aleksandr Viktorenko Aleksandr Kaleri Klaus-Dietrich Flade | The first crewed spaceflight to be launched by the Russian Federation, Soyuz TM-14 delivered the EO-11 crew to Mir, in addition to Flade, flying the German Mir '92 mission, who returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-13 after 8 days. | ||
| 15. | Soyuz TM-15 | 27 July 1992 06:08:42 | ~187 days | 1 February [|1993] 03:49:57 | Anatoly Solovyev Sergei Avdeyev Michel Tognini | Delivered the EO-12 crew to Mir, in addition to the French Antarès mission. Tognini returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-14 after 14 days. | ||
| 16. | Soyuz TM-16 | 24 January 1993 05:58:05 | ~177 days | 22 July 1993 06:41:50 | Gennadi Manakov Aleksandr Poleshchuk | Delivered the EO-13 crew to Mir. Became the only Soyuz spacecraft to dock at Kristalls distal APAS-89 port in order to check the port in preparation for the Shuttle-Mir flights which followed. | ||
| 17. | Soyuz TM-17 | 1 July 1993 14:32:58 | ~195 days | 14 January [|1994] 08:18:20 | Vasili Tsibliyev Aleksandr Serebrov Jean-Pierre Haigneré | Delivered the EO-14 crew to Mir, in addition to the French Altair mission. Haigneré returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-16 after 21 days. | ||
| 18. | Soyuz TM-18 | 8 January 1994 10:05:34 | ~180 days | 9 July 1994 10:32:35 | Viktor Afanasyev Yury Usachev Valeri Polyakov | Delivered the EO-15 crew to Mir, with Polyakov remaining in space for over 437 days, the current world record for longest single spaceflight. | ||
| 19. | Soyuz TM-19 | 1 July 1994 12:24:50 | ~124 days | 4 November 1994 11:18:26 | Yuri Malenchenko Talgat Musabayev | Delivered the EO-16 crew to Mir. | ||
| 20. | Soyuz TM-20 | 3 October 1994 22:42:30 | ~166 days | 22 March [|1995] 04:04:05 | Aleksandr Viktorenko Yelena Kondakova Ulf Merbold | Delivered the EO-17 crew to Mir, in addition to the German Euromir '94 mission. Merbold returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-19 after 32 days. | ||
| 21. | Soyuz TM-21 | 14 March 1995 06:11:34 | ~179 days | 06:52:40 | Vladimir Dezhurov Gennady Strekalov Norman E. Thagard | Delivered the EO-18 crew to Mir, including Thagard, flying the first US long-duration mission of the Shuttle-Mir programme. The entire crew returned to Earth aboard at the conclusion of STS-71. | ||
| 22. | STS-71 | 27 June 1995 | 4 days, 22 hours | Robert L. Gibson Charles J. Precourt Ellen S. Baker Bonnie J. Dunbar Gregory J. Harbaugh Anatoly Solovyev Nikolai Budarin | Delivered Mir EO-19 crew Returned Mir EO-18 crew | |||
| 23. | Soyuz TM-22 | 3 September 1995 09:00:23 | ~177 days | 29 February 1996 10:42:08 | Yuri Gidzenko Sergei Avdeyev Thomas Reiter | Delivered the EO-20 crew to Mir, including the German Euromir '95 mission. | ||
| 24. | STS-74 | 12 November 1995 | 3 days, 2 hours | Kenneth D. Cameron James D. Halsell Jerry L. Ross William S. McArthur Chris A. Hadfield | Delivered Mir Docking Module & Solar Array Package | |||
| 25. | Soyuz TM-23 | 21 February 1996 12:34:05 | ~192 days | 2 September 1996 07:41:40 | Yuri Onufrienko Yury Usachev | Delivered the EO-21 crew to Mir. | ||
| 26. | STS-76 | 22 March 1996 | 4 days, 23 hours | Kevin P. Chilton Richard A. Searfoss Linda M. Godwin Michael R. Clifford Ronald M. Sega Shannon W. Lucid | Delivered Lucid for Mir EO-21 crew Deployed MEEP 1 spacewalk | |||
| 27. | Soyuz TM-24 | 17 August 1996 13:18:03 | ~195 days | 2 March [|1997] 06:44:16 | Valery Korzun Aleksandr Kaleri Claudie Haigneré | Delivered the EO-21 crew to Mir. Haigneré returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-23 after 16 days. | ||
| 28. | STS-79 | 4 days, 22 hours | William F. Readdy Terrence W. Wilcutt Thomas D. Akers Jerome Apt Carl E. Walz John E. Blaha | Delivered Blaha for Mir EO-22 crew | ||||
| 29. | STS-81 | 12 January 1997 | 4 days, 22 hours | Michael A. Baker Brent W. Jett John M. Grunsfeld Marsha S. Ivins Peter J.K. Wisoff Jerry M. Linenger | Delivered Linenger for Mir EO-22 crew | |||
| 30. | Soyuz TM-25 | 10 February 1997 14:09:30 | ~183 days | 14 August 1997 12:17:10 | Vasili Tsibliyev Aleksandr Lazutkin Reinhold Ewald | Delivered the EO-23 crew to Mir. Ewald returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-24 after 20 days. | ||
| 31. | STS-84 | 15 May 1997 | 4 days, 23 hours | Charles J. Precourt Eileen M. Collins Carlos I. Noriega Edward T. Lu Jean-François Clervoy Yelena Kondakova Michael Foale | Delivered Foale for Mir EO-23 crew | |||
| 32. | Soyuz TM-26 | 5 August 1997 15:35:54 | ~196 days | 19 February [|1998] 09:10:30 | Anatoly Solovyev Pavel Vinogradov | Delivered the EO-24 crew to Mir. | ||
| 33. | STS-86 | 27 September 1997 | 5 days, 22 hours | James D. Wetherbee Michael J. Bloomfield Scott E. Parazynski Wendy B. Lawrence Jean-Loup Chrétien Vladimir Titov David A. Wolf | Delivered Wolf for Mir EO-24 crew Retrieved MEEP 1 spacewalk | |||
| 34. | STS-89 | 22 January 1998 | 4 days, 21 hours | Terrence W. Wilcutt Joe F. Edwards Bonnie J. Dunbar Michael P. Anderson James F. Reilly Salizhan Sharipov Andrew S.W. Thomas | Delivered Thomas for Mir EO-24 crew | |||
| 35. | Soyuz TM-27 | 29 January 1998 16:33:42 | ~206 days | 25 August 1998 05:24:44 | Talgat Musabayev Nikolai Budarin | Delivered the EO-25 crew to Mir. | ||
| 35. | Soyuz TM-27 | 29 January 1998 16:33:42 | ~206 days | 25 August 1998 05:24:44 | Léopold Eyharts | Eyharts returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-26 after 22 days. | ||
| 36. | STS-91 | 2 June 1998 | 3 days, 23 hours | Charles J. Precourt Dominic L. Pudwill Gorie Wendy B. Lawrence Franklin R. Chang-Diaz Janet L. Kavandi Valery Ryumin | Returned Thomas from Mir EO-25 crew | |||
| 37. | Soyuz TM-28 | 13 August 1998 09:43:11 | ~196 days | 28 February [|1999] 02:14:30 | Gennady Padalka Sergei Avdeyev Yuri Baturin | Delivered the EO-26 crew to Mir. Baturin returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-27 after 12 days. | ||
| 38. | Soyuz TM-29 | 20 February 1999 04:18:01 | ~186 days | 28 August 1999 00:34:20 | Viktor Afanasyev Jean-Pierre Haigneré Ivan Bella | Delivered the EO-27 crew to Mir. Bella returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM-28 after 8 days. | ||
| 39. | 4 April [|2000] 05:01:29 | ~70 days | 16 June 2000 00:44 | Sergei Zalyotin Aleksandr Kaleri' | Final human spaceflight to Mir. Delivered the last crew, flying EO-28. |