List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar


The Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Bihar state elects 16 members since 2002 biennial elections. Earlier, Bihar State elected 21 seats since April 1952 and 22 seats since 1956 and 16 members after the Bihar Reorganisation Act 2000 and creation of new Jharkhand state on 15 November 2000. They are indirectly elected by the State Legislators of Bihar State. Members are elected for six years and 1/3 of members are retired after every two years. The number of seats, allocated to the party, are determined by the number of seats a party possesses during nomination and the party nominates a member to be voted on. Elections within the state legislatures are held using Single transferable vote with proportional representation.
Members are listed in the list of current members of the Rajya Sabha#Bihar – 16.

Current Members (2020)

Keys:

Alphabetical list of all members from Bihar

This is the term wise list of former Rajya Sabha members from Bihar, arranged alphabetically by Last name of the member.
Source: Parliament of India
The list is incomplete.
Keys:
Name PartyDate of AppointmentDate of RetirementTermNotes
Mohammad AasJanata Dal United03/04/199402/04/20001
Ram Gopal AgarwalaJanata Dal United03/04/195202/04/19561
Ram Gopal AgarwalaJanata Dal United03/04/195602/04/19622
Parmeshwar Kumar AgarwallaBharatiya Janata Party08/07/199207/07/19981
S. S. AhluwaliaIndian National Congress07/07/198606/07/19921
S. S. AhluwaliaIndian National Congress08/07/199207/07/19982Jharkhand 2000-12
Rafique AlamIndian National Congress03/04/198202/04/19881
Rafique AlamIndian National Congress03/04/198802/04/19942
Dr. Ejaz AliJanata Dal United20/03/200807/07/20101Bye death of Motiur Rehman
Sabir AliJanata Dal United16/12/201109/04/20142Bye-2011
Sabir AliLok Janashakti Party10/04/200815/11/20111Resigned
Angelina TigaJharkhand Party03/04/195202/04/19541
Abdul Qaiyum AnsariIndian National Congress03/04/197002/04/19761Res.19/03/1972
Jalaludin AnsariCommunist Party of India03/04/199402/04/20001
Ali Anwar AnsariJanata Dal United03/04/200602/04/20121
Ali Anwar AnsariJanata Dal United03/04/201202/04/20182Disqualified 04/12/2017
Chandan K BagchiIndian National Congress12/04/198309/04/19841
Ram Deo BhandaryJanata Dal08/07/199222/06/19981Resigned on 22/06/1998
Ram Deo BhandaryRashtriya Janata Dal11/06/199809/04/20022bye 1998
Ram Deo BhandaryRashtriya Janata Dal10/04/200209/04/20083rd
Ramchandra BharadwajIndian National Congress07/07/198006/07/19861
Misa BhartiRashtriya Janata Dal08/07/201607/07/20221*
Gulam Rasool BalyawiRashtriya Janata Dal23/06/201407/07/20161bye 2014
Theodore BodraJharkhand Party03/04/195402/04/19601
Anand ChandIndian National Congress03/04/195802/04/19641
Anand ChandIndian National Congress03/04/196402/04/19702
Pranab ChatterjeeJanata Party10/04/197809/04/19841Death-02/06/1979
Dr. Chandramanilal ChowdharyIndian National Congress03/04/197402/04/19801Death-08/02/1979
Mahabir DassIndian National Congress03/04/196202/04/19681
Mahabir DassIndian National Congress03/04/196802/04/19742
Ven'ble DhammaviriyoRashtriya Janata Dal29/03/200014/11/20001bye 2000 to Jharkhand 2000-2002
R. K. DhawanIndian National Congress08/07/200407/07/20102Andhra Pradesh 1990-1996
Ramdhari Singh DinkarIndian National Congress03/04/195202/04/19541
Ramdhari Singh DinkarIndian National Congress03/04/195402/04/19602
Ramdhari Singh DinkarIndian National Congress03/04/196002/04/19643rdResigned in 26/01/1964
Bindeshwari DubeyRashtriya Janata Dal03/04/198802/04/19941Death- 20/01/1993
Saroj DubeyRashtriya Janata Dal08/07/199807/07/20041
Satish Chandra DubeyBharatiya Janata Party09/10/201907/07/20221* Bye-election 09/10/2019 due to death of Ram Jethmalani
George FernandesJanata Dal United04/08/200907/07/20101Bye election Sharad Yadav
Voladi Ganapathi GopalIndian National Congress03/04/195202/04/19561
Inder Kumar GujralJanata Dal08/07/199207/07/19983Resigned in 02/03/1998
Balkrishna GuptaSocialist Party03/04/196802/04/19741Death-10/09/1972
Prem Chand GuptaJanata Dal10/04/199609/04/20021
Prem Chand GuptaRashtriya Janata Dal10/04/200209/04/20082
Prem Chand GuptaRashtriya Janata Dal10/04/200809/04/20143Res.12/02/14 JH 2014-20
Prem Chand GuptaRashtriya Janata Dal10/04/202009/04/20265* JH 2014-20
Ram Lakhan Prasad GuptaBharatiya Janata Party10/04/197809/04/19841
Shyamlal GuptaIndian National Congress10/04/197209/04/19781
Gyan RanjanIndian National Congress10/04/199609/04/20021Death-22/04/1998
Shamim HashmiJanata Dal03/04/198802/04/19941Resigned in 28/07/1989
Shamim HashmiIndian National Congress25/09/198902/04/19942bye 1989
Jabir HusainRashtriya Janata Dal03/04/200602/04/20121Resigned in 04/01/2013
Aziza ImamIndian National Congress20/03/197302/04/19761bye 1973
Aziza ImamIndian National Congress03/04/197602/04/19822nd
Jafar ImamIndian National Congress03/04/195202/04/19561
Khawaja InaitullahIndian National Congress03/04/195202/04/19541
Dharamchand JainIndian National Congress03/04/197002/04/19761
Dharamchand JainIndian National Congress03/04/197602/04/19822
Durga Prasad JamudaIndian National Congress10/04/198409/04/19901
Ram JethmalaniRashtriya Janata Dal08/07/201607/07/20226Death-08/09/2019, Raj 2010-16, nominated 2006-09
Mah 1994 - 2006, Kar 1988-94
Lakshmi Kant JhaIndian National Congress07/07/198606/07/19921Death-16/01/1988
Kamalnath JhaIndian National Congress20/03/197302/04/19741bye 1973
Kamalnath JhaIndian National Congress03/04/197402/04/19802Resigned in 09/01/1980 Elected to Lok Sabha
Manoj JhaRashtriya Janata Dal03/04/201802/04/20241*
Rudra Narain JhaSamyukta Socialist Party03/04/196802/04/19741Death-10/05/1971
Shiva Chandra JhaBharatiya Janata Party10/04/197809/04/19841
Michael JohnIndian National Congress03/04/195602/04/19621
Kamta SinghSwatantra Party03/04/195802/04/19641
Kailash Bihari LallIndian National Congress03/04/195202/04/19541
Kailash Bihari LallIndian National Congress03/04/195402/04/19602Death- 19/03/1960
Ashfaque KarimRashtriya Janata Dal03/04/201802/04/20241*
Ahmad Hussain KaziIndian National Congress03/04/195202/04/19581
Ahmad Hussain KaziIndian National Congress03/04/195802/04/19642Death- 29/07/1961
Sitaram KesariIndian National Congress02/07/197102/04/19741
Sitaram KesariIndian National Congress03/04/197402/04/19802nd
Sitaram KesariIndian National Congress07/07/198006/07/19863rd
Sitaram KesariIndian National Congress03/04/198802/04/19944th
Sitaram KesariIndian National Congress03/04/199402/04/20005
Raghunath Prasad KhaitanIndian National Congress03/04/196602/04/19721
Anil KumarJanata Dal08/07/199207/07/19981
Anil KumarJanata Dal08/07/199807/07/20042
Ashwani KumarBharatiya Janata Party07/07/198006/07/19861
Ashwani KumarBharatiya Janata Party07/07/198606/07/19922
Shishir KumarPraja Socialist Party03/04/196402/04/19701
Shishir KumarPraja Socialist Party03/04/197002/04/19762
Upendra KushwahaJanata Dal United08/07/201007/07/20161Resigned in 04/01/2013
Dr Mahabir PrasadBharatiya Janata Party03/04/198202/04/19881Res.19/01/1985
Sri Narayan MahthaIndian National Congress03/04/195202/04/19581Death-06/10/1956
Bandhu MahtoIndian National Congress10/04/198409/04/19901
Dhirendra Chandra MallikIndian National Congress03/04/196202/04/19681
Jagdambi MandalJanata Dal10/04/199609/04/20021Death-13/01/2000
Bhupendra Narayan MandalSamyukta Socialist Party03/04/196602/04/19721
Bhupendra Narayan MandalSamyukta Socialist Party10/04/197209/04/19782Death-30/05/1975
Mangani Lal MandalRashtriya Janata Dal23/06/200409/04/20081Bye-2004
Mazhar Imam SyedIndian National Congress03/04/195202/04/19561
Mazhar Imam SyedIndian National Congress03/04/195602/04/19622
Lakshmi N. MenonIndian National Congress03/04/195202/04/19541
Lakshmi N. MenonIndian National Congress03/04/195402/04/19602
Lakshmi N. MenonIndian National Congress03/04/196002/04/19663
Chaturanan MishraCommunist Party of India10/04/198409/04/19901
Chaturanan MishraCommunist Party of India10/04/199009/04/19962
Kailashpati MishraBharatiya Janata Party10/04/198409/04/19901
Dr. Jagannath MishraIndian National Congress03/04/198802/04/19941Res 16/03/1990
Dr. Jagannath MishraIndian National Congress03/04/199402/04/20002
Lalit Narayan MishraIndian National Congress18/02/196402/04/19661bye 1964
Lalit Narayan MishraIndian National Congress03/04/196602/04/19722Resigned 02/02/1972 Elected 5th Lok Sabha
Mahendra Mohan MishraIndian National Congress03/04/197602/04/19821
Mahendra Mohan MishraIndian National Congress03/04/198202/04/19882
Shrikant MishraJan Sangh03/04/197002/04/19761Death-01/10/1970
Shyam Nandan Prasad MishraIndian National Congress04/12/196202/04/19661bye 1962
Shyam Nandan Prasad MishraIndian National Congress03/04/196602/04/19722Res. 11/03/1971 Elected to 5 LS
Pratul Chandra MitraIndian National Congress03/04/196002/04/19661
Pratul Chandra MitraIndian National Congress03/04/196602/04/19722
Dr. Puran Chanda MitraIndian National Congress03/04/195202/04/19541
Dr. Puran Chanda MitraIndian National Congress03/04/195402/04/19602Death 23/08/1959
Mohammad ChaudharyIndian National Congress22/09/196102/04/19641bye 1961
Mohammad ChaudharyIndian National Congress03/04/196402/04/19702
Mohammad Chaudhary AIndian National Congress03/04/197002/04/19763Death - 07/02/1973
Bhaiya Ram MundaIndian National Congress10/04/197209/04/19781
NagmaniJanata Dal03/04/199402/04/20001Resigned 07/10/1999 Elected to 13th Lok Sabha
Jai Narain Prasad NishadBharatiya Janata Party08/07/200407/07/20101Disqualified 26/03/2008
Vidya Sagar NishadRashtriya Janata Dal23/06/200402/04/20061Bye-2004
Nagendra Nath OjhaCommunist Party of India10/04/199609/04/20021
Manorama PandeyIndian National Congress07/07/198006/07/19861
Manorama PandeyIndian National Congress07/07/198606/07/19922nd
Brahmadev Anand PaswanJanata Dal01/06/199302/04/19941bye 1993
Kameshwar PaswanBharatiya Janata Party10/04/199009/04/19961
Ram Bhagat PaswanIndian National Congress07/07/198006/07/19861
Ram Vilas PaswanLok Janashakti Party08/07/201007/07/20161Resigned - 16/05/2014 Elected 16 LS, Hajipur
Ram Vilas PaswanLok Janashakti Party29/06/201902/04/20242* Bye-election 28/06/2019 due to res. of Ravi Shankar Prasad
Kahkashan PerweenJanata Dal United10/04/201409/04/20201
Rajendra Kumar PoddarIndependent03/04/196802/04/19741
Rajendra Kumar PoddarIndependent03/04/197402/04/19802
Dharmendra PradhanBharatiya Janata Party03/04/201202/04/20181
Bhola PrasadCommunist Party of India03/04/197002/04/19761
Bhola PrasadCommunist Party of India03/04/197602/04/19822
Dr Mahendra PrasadJanata Dal United03/04/201802/04/20247*
Dr Mahendra PrasadJanata Dal United03/04/201202/04/20186
Dr Mahendra PrasadJanata Dal United03/04/200602/04/20125
Dr Mahendra PrasadNominated03/04/200002/04/20064Nominated 1993-1994
Dr Mahendra PrasadNominated07/07/198606/07/19922Nominated 1993-1994
Dr Mahendra PrasadNominated31/01/198506/07/19861Bye -1985
Rajniti PrasadRashtriya Janata Dal03/04/200602/04/20121
Ravi Shankar PrasadBharatiya Janata Party03/04/200002/04/20061
Ravi Shankar PrasadBharatiya Janata Party03/04/200602/04/20122
Ravi Shankar PrasadBharatiya Janata Party03/04/201202/04/20183
Ravi Shankar PrasadBharatiya Janata Party03/04/201802/04/20244Resigned 23/05/2019 Elected to 17th Lok Sabha
Suraj PrasadCommunist Party of India03/04/196802/04/19741
Suraj PrasadCommunist Party of India03/04/198202/04/19882
Dr Faguni RamIndian National Congress11/02/198502/04/19881bye 1985
Dr Faguni RamIndian National Congress03/04/198802/04/19942
Dr Faguni RamIndian National Congress03/04/200002/04/20063
Kishori RamIndian National CongressINC03/04/195202/04/19561
Kishori RamIndian National Congress03/04/195602/04/19622
Motiur RahmanRashtriya Janata Dal08/07/200407/07/20101Death-18/12/2007
Kum Kum RaiRashtriya Janata Dal03/04/200002/04/20061
Kunj Biharilal RathiJan Sangh03/04/196602/04/19721dea 13/07/1968
Rajiv Pratap RudyBharatiya Janata Party04/07/200807/07/20101Bye Nishad
Rajiv Pratap RudyBharatiya Janata Party08/07/201007/07/20162Resigned 16/05/2014 Election 16th Lok Sabha
Dr Anil Kumar SahaniJanata Dal United04/01/201002/04/20121Bye 2010
Dr Anil Kumar SahaniJanata Dal United03/04/201202/04/20182
Mahendra SahaniJanata Dal United03/04/200602/04/20121Death-06/11/2009
Rajni Ranjan SahuIndian National Congress10/04/198409/04/19901
Rajni Ranjan SahuIndian National Congress10/04/199009/04/19962
Dayanand SahayJanata Dal04/10/197804/09/19841
Dayanand SahayIndian National Congress03/04/198804/02/19942ndJhakhand 2001-2002
Mahesh SaranIndian National Congress03/04/195402/04/19601
Mahesh SaranIndian National Congress03/04/196002/04/19662Death-29/11/1965
Syed ShahabuddinJanata Party25/07/197909/04/19841bye 1979
Anant Prasad SharmaIndian National Congress03/04/196802/04/19741Res.11/03/1971
Anant Prasad SharmaIndian National Congress10/04/197809/04/19842Res. 19/02/1983
Anant Prasad SharmaIndian National Congress22/08/198402/04/19883bye 1984
Yogendra SharmaCommunist Party of India10/04/197209/04/19781
Yogendra SharmaCommunist Party of India10/04/197809/04/19842
Bhola Paswan ShastriIndian National Congress31/05/197202/04/19761bye 1972
Bhola Paswan ShastriIndian National Congress03/04/197602/04/19822
Brahmdeo Ram ShastriBharatiya Janata Party25/07/197902/04/19801bye 1979
Kapil SibalIndian National Congress08/07/199807/07/20041resigned in 13/05/2004 elected to 14th Lok Sabha
Akhilesh Prasad SinghIndian National Congress03/04/201802/04/20241*
Amarendra Dhari SinghRashtriya Janata Dal10/04/202009/04/20261*
Bashistha Narain SinghSamta Party10/04/200209/04/20081
Bashistha Narain SinghJanata Dal United03/04/201202/04/20182
Bashistha Narain SinghJanata Dal United03/04/201802/04/20243*
Bhishma Narain SinghIndian National Congress03/04/197602/04/19821
Bhishma Narain SinghIndian National Congress03/04/198202/04/19882Res 15/04/1984
Bindeshwari Prasad SinghIndian National Congress17/06/197102/04/19741bye 1971
D P SinghIndian National Congress17/06/197102/04/19721bye 1971
D P SinghIndian National Congress10/04/197209/04/19782Died - 21/03/1988
Devendra Prasad SinghPraja Socialist Party03/04/195802/04/19641
Digvijay SinghJanata Dal10/04/199009/04/19961JH 2005-09
Gaya SinghCommunist Party of India08/07/199207/07/19981
Gaya SinghCommunist Party of India08/07/199807/07/20042
Gopal Narayan SinghBharatiya Janata Party08/07/201607/07/20221*
Harivansh Narayan SinghJanata Dal United10/04/201409/04/20201
Harivansh Narayan SinghJanata Dal United10/04/202009/04/20262*
J. K. P. N. SinghIndian National Congress03/04/196202/04/19681
J. K. P. N. SinghIndian National Congress10/04/197809/04/19842
Jahanara Jaipal SinghIndian National Congress03/04/195802/04/19641
Jahanara Jaipal SinghIndian National Congress03/04/196402/04/19702
Jahanara Jaipal SinghIndian National Congress03/04/197002/04/19763
Thakur Kamakhya Prasad SinghIndian National Congress10/04/198409/04/19901
Kameshwar SinghIndependent03/04/195202/04/19581
Kameshwar SinghIndependent03/04/196002/04/19662Death-01/10/1962
Kameshwar SinghIndian National Congress03/04/197402/04/19801
N. K. SinghJanata Dal United10/04/200809/04/20141
Pratibha SinghIndian National Congress31/12/197002/04/19761
Pratibha SinghIndian National Congress03/04/197602/04/19822
Pratibha SinghIndian National Congress03/04/198202/04/19883
Pratibha SinghIndian National Congress03/04/198802/04/1994406/07/1992
Lalan Singh LalanSamta Party03/04/200002/04/20061Res.13/05/2004 15 LS, Munger
Ram Awadhesh SinghLok Dal07/07/198606/07/19921
Ramchandra Prasad SinghJanata Dal United08/07/201007/07/20161
Ramchandra Prasad SinghJanata Dal United08/07/201607/07/20222*
Shankar Dayal SinghJanata Dal10/04/199009/04/19961Death-26/11/1995
Sitaram SinghSamyukta Socialist Party03/04/197002/04/19761
Awadeshwar Prasad SinhaIndian National Congress10/12/195602/04/19581bye-1956
Awadeshwar Prasad SinhaIndian National Congress03/04/195802/04/19642
Awadeshwar Prasad SinhaIndian National Congress03/04/196402/04/19703
Awadeshwar Prasad SinhaIndian National Congress03/04/197002/04/19764
Braja Kishore Prasad SinhaIndian National Congress03/04/195202/04/19581
Braja Kishore Prasad SinhaIndian National Congress03/04/195802/04/19642
Braja Kishore Prasad SinhaIndependent03/04/196402/04/19703
Ganga Sharan SinhaIndian National Congress03/04/195602/04/19621
Ganga Sharan SinhaNominated03/04/196202/04/19682ndNOM 1968-74
Indradeep SinhaCommunist Party of India03/04/197402/04/19801
Indradeep SinhaCommunist Party of India03/04/198002/04/19862
Kamala SinhaJanata Dal19/04/199002/04/19941bye 1990
Kamala SinhaJanata Dal03/04/199402/04/20002
Krishna Mohan Pyare SinhaIndian National Congress10/12/195602/04/19581bye 1956
Maheshwar Prasad Narain SinhaSocialist Party03/04/195202/04/19561
Ram Kripal SinhaJan Sangh03/04/197402/04/19801
Rajendra Pratap SinhaIndian National Congress03/04/195202/04/19541
Rajendra Pratap SinhaIndian National Congress03/04/195402/04/19602
Rajendra Pratap SinhaIndian National Congress03/04/196002/04/19663
Rajendra Pratap SinhaIndian National Congress03/04/196602/04/19724
Rajeshwar Prasad Narain SinhaIndian National Congress03/04/195202/04/19581
Rajeshwar Prasad Narain SinhaIndian National Congress12/10/195902/04/19602bye 1959
Rajeshwar Prasad Narain SinhaIndian National Congress03/04/196002/04/19663
Rama Bahadur SinhaIndian National Congress03/04/195202/04/19581
Rama Bahadur SinhaIndian National Congress03/04/195802/04/19642
Rama Bahadur SinhaIndian National Congress03/04/196402/04/19703
Ravindra Kishore SinhaBharatiya Janata Party10/04/201409/04/20201
Rewati Kant SinhaSamyukta Socialist Party07/04/196702/04/19701bye 1967
Shatrughan SinhaBharatiya Janata Party10/04/199609/04/20021
Shatrughan SinhaBharatiya Janata Party10/04/200209/04/20082nd
Yashwant SinhaJanata Dal03/04/198802/04/19941Resigned in 14/11/1993 Jharkhand 2004-2009
Shibu SorenJharkhand Mukti Morcha08/07/199814/11/20001to Jharkhand 2000-2001
Dr. Mahmud SyedIndian National Congress03/04/196202/04/19681
Tajamul HusainIndian National Congress03/04/195202/04/19561
Tajamul HusainIndian National Congress03/04/195602/04/19622
Shivanand TiwariJanata Dal United10/04/200809/04/20141
Dr. C. P. ThakurBharatiya Janata Party10/04/200809/04/20141
Dr. C. P. ThakurBharatiya Janata Party10/04/201409/04/20202
Prof Chandesh P ThakurIndian National Congress07/07/198606/07/19921
Gunanand ThakurIndian National Congress10/04/197209/04/19781
Ram Nath ThakurJanata Dal United10/04/201409/04/20201
Ram Nath ThakurJanata Dal United10/04/202009/04/20262*
Rameshwar ThakurIndian National Congress10/04/198409/04/19901
Rameshwar ThakurIndian National Congress10/04/199009/04/19962
Vivek ThakurBharatiya Janata Party10/04/202009/04/20261*
K. C. TyagiJanata Dal United07/02/201307/07/20161*Res of U Kushwaha
Shah Mohamad UmairIndian National Congress03/04/195602/04/19621
Bipin Bihari VarmaIndian National Congress03/04/196202/04/196812nd LS
Pavan Kumar VarmaJanata Dal United23/07/201407/07/20161Bye 2014
Kunwarani Vijaya RajeJan Sangh03/04/195220/03/19571Res.20/03/1957 Died 21/12/1995
Hukmdev Narayan YadavBharatiya Janata Party07/07/198006/07/19861
Jagdambi Prasad YadavBharatiya Janata Party03/04/196802/04/19741
Jagdambi Prasad YadavBharatiya Janata Party03/04/198202/04/19882
Janardan YadavBharatiya Janata Party10/04/199409/04/20001
Lalu Prasad YadavRashtriya Janata Dal10/04/200209/04/20081Res.-13/05/2004 Elected 14 LS Chhapra
Naresh Rajeshwar YadavRashtriya Janata Dal03/04/199402/04/20001
Ram Kripal YadavRashtriya Janata Dal08/07/201007/07/20161Resigned elected to 16th Lok Sabha
Ramanand YadavIndian National Congress03/04/197602/04/19821
Ramanand YadavIndian National Congress03/04/198202/04/19882
Dr. Ramendra Kumar Yadav RaviJanata Dal08/07/199207/07/19981
Dr. Ramendra Kumar Yadav RaviRashtriya Janata Dal08/07/199807/07/20042
Ranjan Prasad YadavJanata Dal10/04/199009/04/19961
Ranjan Prasad YadavRashtriya Janata Dal10/04/199609/04/20022
Sharad YadavJanata Dal United08/07/200407/07/20102Res-09 LS UP- RS-86-89
Sharad YadavJanata Dal United13/06/201407/07/20163Bye-2014
Sharad YadavJanata Dal United08/07/201607/07/20224Disq 04/12/2017
Subhash Prasad YadavRashtriya Janata Dal08/07/200407/07/20101
Vijay Singh YadavRashtriya Janata Dal03/04/200002/04/20061
Sheel Bhadra YajeeIndian National Congress27/04/195702/04/19581bye 1957
Sheel Bhadra YajeeIndian National Congress03/04/195802/04/19642
Sheel Bhadra YajeeIndian National Congress03/04/196402/04/19703
Hussain ZawarIndian National Congress20/12/197509/04/19781bye 1975