Leo Motzkin was born in the town of Brovary, near the city of Kiev in Ukraine, then a part of the Russian Empire. He was raised and educated according to the culture and traditions of the Jewish community. Motzkin had witnessed the 1881 anti-Jewish pogrom in Kiev but escaped to Berlin, the capital of Germany. He was accepted into the University of Berlin at the age of 16, after graduating from high school. Studying Sociology and Mathematics, Motzkin continued on to pursue doctoral studies. At the university, Motzkin helped found the Russian Jewish Academic Association in 1887 and soon became a full-fledged activist in the Zionist movement.
Zionist activism
Motzkin participated in the First Zionist Congress in 1897 and became close to the Zionist leader Theodore Herzl, who sent him on a mission to Palestine to investigate the problems of the Jewish community; contrary to other leaders such as Baron Rothschild and Hovevei Zion, Motzkin favored co-operation with the Ottoman Empire for Jewish interests. Motzkin represented the "Democratic Faction" at the Fifth Congress in 1901. In 1902, together with Martin Buber and Berthold Feiwel, Motzkin founded Berlin's Jüdischer Verlag. In 1905, Motzkin published "The Russian Correspondence" anonymously. Most of his attention was devoted to the Jewish problem and Anti-Semitism. In 1909, the Zionist Organization commissioned Motzkin to write a book about the pogroms in Russia, where he described the history of anti-Jewish violence and emphasized the importance of "Jewish Self-Defense" efforts to protect themselves against continuing violence and pogroms. He organized an information service and a campaign against blood libels. During World War I, Motzkin presided over the Copenhagen office of the Zionist organization and worked as liaison between the Zionist organizations in the countries at war. Leo Motzkin also traveled to the United States to collect funds for Jewish refugees and lobby for the protection of Russian Jews. In August 1914, Motzkin joined Franz Oppenheimer and Adolf Friedemann to create a German Committee for Freeing of Russian Jews, which the German Foreign Ministry supported. Motzkin proceeded to establish a Jewish delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 to represent the interests of Jews across Europe and lobbied for the creation of a World Jewish Congress to represent Jewish minorities worldwide. Throughout his life, Motzkin was active in leading numerous Zionist committees as well as the International Congress of National Minorities. Motzkin endorsed the February Revolution in Russia, which he saw as aiding the liberation of the Jews of Russia. Motzkin was an early and leading opponent of the Nazi Party, organizing opposition to it and lobbying the League of Nations to ensure the safety of the German Jewish population.
