Lakhori bricks or Badshahi bricks or Kakaiya bricks, are flat thin red colored burnt clay bricks, originating from the Indian subcontinent, that became increasingly popular element ofMughal architecture during Shah Jahan; and remained so till early 20th century when lakhori bricks and similar Nanak Shahi bricks were replaced by the larger standard 9"x4"x3" bricks called ghumma bricks introduced by the colonial British India. Several still surviving famous 17th to 19th century structures of Mughal India, characterized by jharokhas, jalis, flutedsandstone columns, ornamental gateways and grand cusped-arch entrances are made of lakhori bricks, including fort palaces, protective bastions and pavilions, havelis, temples and gurudwaras, mosques and tombs, water wells and baoli stepwells, bridges, Kos minar road-side milestones and other structures.
Origin
The exact origin of lakhori bricks is not confirmed, especially if they existed, or not, prior to becoming more prevalent in use during the Mughal India. Prior to the rise in frequent use of lakhori bricks during Mughal India, Indian architecture primarily used trabeated prop and lintel gravity-based technique of shaping large stones to fit into each other that required no mortar. The reason lakhori bricks became more popular during the Mughal period, starting from Shah Jahan's reign, is mainly because lakhori bricks that were used to construct structures with the typical elements of Mughal architecture such as arches, jalis, jharokas, mouldings, cornices, cladding, etc. were easy to create intricate patterns due to the small shape and slim size of lakhori bricks.
Regional, socio-strata and dimensional variations
The slim and compact Lakhorie bricks became popular across pan-Indian subcontinental Mughal Empire, specially in North India, resulting in several variations in their dimensions as well as due to the use of lower strength local soil by poor people and higher strength clay by affluent people. Restoration architect author Anil Laul reasons that poor people used local soil to bake slimmer bricks using locally available cheaper dung cakes as fuel and richer people used higher-end thicker and bigger bricks made of higher strength clay baked in kilns using not so easily locally available more expensive coal, both methods yielded bricks of similar strength but different proportions at different economic levels of strata.
Lakhori bricks versus Nanak Shahi bricks
Due to the lack of understanding, sometimes contemporary writers confuse the lakhori bricks with other similar but distinct regional variants. For example, some writers use "Lakhori bricks and Nanak Shahi bricks" implying two different things, and others use "Lakhori bricks or Nanak Shahi bricks" inadvertently implying either same or two different things, leading to confusion as if they are same, especially if these words are casually mentioned interchangeably. Lakhori bricks were used by Mughal Empire that spanned across the Indian subcontinent, whereas Nanak Shahi bricks were used mainly across the Sikh Empire, that was spread across Punjab region in north-west Indian subcontinent, when Sikhs were in conflict with Mughal Empire due to the religious persecution of Sikhs by Mughal Muslims. Coins struck by Sikh rulers between 1764 CE to 1777 CE were called "Govind Shahi" coins, and coins struck from 1777 onward were called "Nanak Shahi" coins. A similar concept applies to the Nanak Shahi bricks of Sikh Empire, i.e. Lakhori and Nanak Shahi bricks being two similar, but a different type of bricks due to the regional variations as well as political reasons. Closely related similar things may be considered separate, and on the other hand considerably different things might be considered the same, in both cases due to the social-political-religious contextual reasons, for example closely related mutually intelligible Sanskritised-Hindustani language Hindi versus Arabised-Hindustani language Urdu being favored as separate languages by Hindus and Muslims respectively as seen in the context of Hindu-Muslim conflict that resulted in Partition of India, whereas mutually unintelligible speech varieties that differ considerably in structure such as Moroccan Arabic, Yemeni Arabic and Lebanese Arabic are considered the same language due to the pan-Islamism religious movement. Mughal-era lakhorie bricks predate the Nanak Shahi bricks as seen in Bahadurgarh Fort of Patiala that was built by Mughal Nawab Saif Khan in 1658 CE using earlier-era lakhori bricks, and nearly 80 years later it was renovated using later-era Nanak Shahi bricks and renamed in the honor of Guru Teg Bahadur by Maharaja of Patiala Karam Singh in 1837 CE. Since the timeline of both Mughal Empire and Sikh Empire overlapped, both Lakhori bricks and Nanak Shahi bricks were used around the same time in their respective dominions. Restoration architect author Anil Laul clarifies "We, therefore, had slim bricks known as the Lakhori and Nanakshahi bricks in India and the slim Roman bricks or their equivalents for many other parts of the world."
Mortar recipe
They were used to construct structures with crushed bricks and lime mortar, and walls were usually plastered with lime mortar. The concrete mixture of that era was a preparation of lime, surki, jaggery and bael fruit pulp where some recipe used as much as 23 ingredients including urad ki daal.
