On the Delisle map of 1706, the lake is named Himgon and from it flows a river labelled with the names Usurou and Ousuri. On the map of Johann Matthias Hase 1739, the river flowing from Lake Hinka is called by the names Ousoury and Schur. On the map of d'Anville, made in 1752, the lake is named Hink, and from it issues the river Songhachan, which flows, in turn, into the riverUsuri. On an 18th century map showing the "Irkutsk governorate with the adjacent islands and the western coast of America", the river issuing from Lake Hinka is named as the Usuri. On the map of 1860, attached to the Convention of Peking, two lakes are shown: the larger Oz. Khankai, with Khankai glossed as signifying "quiet",, and the smaller Oz. Dobiku - given with a Manchu transliteration of Dobiku. From the big lake is shown flowing a river, labelled with the Russian names Uzhu and Sungachan, with the second of these names being glossed with a Manchu transliteration. On the map of 1861 made by 'M. Popov', the larger lake is given the name Kengka, while the smaller is called Ai'-Kengka - to which name is added the further name Siauhu. On the map of 1864 made by A.F. Budishchev, a captain in the Corps of Foresters, the lake is named as Khinkai. On the ethnographic map of Shrenk the abbreviated Russian names Oz. Khanka and Oz. Mal. Khanka are used. Explorer, traveler, naturalist and writer Vladimir Arsenyev wrote, concerning the name of the lake: "In the Liao Dynasty, Khanka Lake was called Beitsin-hai, but it is now known as Khanka, Khinkai and Sinkai-hu, meaning "Lake of Prosperity". It must be assumed that the name Khanka originated from another word, namely khanhai, meaning "hollow" - a name by which the Chinese call every low place...Subsequently, the Russians must have changed this word to its current form of Khanka. "
Historical studies
Lake Khanka is an ancient lake, rich in fish and bird species - a richness reflected in the ancient name Khankai-Omo - "Sea of bird feathers". Likewise, in the Middle Ages, the fish fauna of Lake Khanka furnished the tables of both Chinese and Jurchen emperors with an abundance of delicacies. In 1868, Nikolay Przhevalsky visited Lake Khanka, leaving for posterity his descriptions of the flora and fauna of the lake and its surroundings. It was thirty-four years later, in 1902, that the explorer Vladimir Arsenyev made his first expedition to the area.
Physico-geographical characteristics
Lake Khanka, the largest lake in Primorsky Krai, is located in the centre of the Khankan lowland on the border with the People's Republic of China in Heilongjiang Province. The northern part of the lake is in Chinese territory. The lake is pear-shaped, with an extension in its northern part. The surface area of the water is highly variable, depending on climate conditions. The maximum extension reaches, the minimum extension is. The length of the lake is about, the maximum width is. There are 24 rivers flowing into Lake Khanka, with only one outflow: Songacha River, which connects it with the Ussuri, and that in turn with the Amur River system. Lake Khanka is a shallow body of water, with an average depth of and a prevailing depth of ; the greatest depth is. Its average volume is, though it can fill up to The water in the lake is cloudy, which is explained by frequent winds and, as a result, strong mixing. On average, the water inflow is about per year, and the outflow about. On the northern shore, lies Little Lake Khanka, separated from Lake Khanka proper by a narrow sandy spit. Khanka Lake freezes in the second half of November and thaws in April. The fauna and flora of Lake Khanka are rich in species. In 1971, the Ramsar Convention gave the lake the status of a wetland of international importance. In 1990, the Khanka Nature Reserve was organized in part of the then-Soviet basin of Lake Khanka. In April 1996, an agreement was signed between the Governments of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China on the establishment of an international Russian-Chinese nature reserve around the lake, from the Khankai Reserve in Russia and the Chinese Singkai-Hu Reserve. The wetlands of the Lake Khanka basin represent a unique natural complex. The lowland of the Prihanka and, in fact, the shores of the lake represent a fairly swampy terrain. So-called melt-plant communities, formed by various species of sedge and grass, form a solid turf covering the water mirror for many tens of square kilometers. Diverse ecosystems are represented, such as meadows, meadow forest, forest-steppe and steppe plant communities. In the lake itself there are many species of fish and aquatic invertebrates, many of which are endemic. In the lake there live 52 species of fish, among them such as carp, perch, silver carp, catfish, and snakehead. A variety of birds nest and stop on the lake or its banks. The lake's drainage basin covers an area of, of which 97% is in Russian territory. It is fed by 23 rivers, but the only outflow of the lake is the Songacha River. The maximum monthly mean temperature is in July, while the minimum monthly mean temperature is in January. Rainfall mainly occurs in summer, with average annual precipitation of 500–650 mm annually. The residence time of Lake Khanka is 9.9 years. Popular Culture: The surveyors in the 1975Akira Kurosawa film "Dersu Uzala" were sent to explore the Lake Khanka region.
Biodiversity and environment
The lake is an important area for birds, and includes a number of endangered species.
