Kapampangan language
Kapampangan language is an Austronesian language, and one of the eight major languages of the Philippines. It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac, on the southern part of Luzon's central plains geographic region, most of whom belong to the Kapampangan ethnic group. Kapampangan is also spoken in northeastern Bataan, as well as in the municipalities of Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, and Zambales that border Pampanga. A few Aeta groups in Central Luzon's southern part also understand and even speak Kapampangan as well. The language is known honorifically as Amánung Sísuan.
Classification
Kapampangan is one of the Central Luzon languages of the Austronesian language family. Its closest relatives are the Sambalic languages of Zambales province and the Bolinao language spoken in the towns of Bolinao and Anda in Pangasinan. These languages share the same reflex of the proto-Austronesian consonant *R.History
Kapampangan is derived from the root word pampáng. The language was historically spoken in the Kingdom of Tondo, ruled by the Lakans.A number of Kapampangan dictionaries and grammar books were written during the Spanish colonial period. Diego Bergaño wrote two 18th-century books about the language: Arte de la lengua Pampanga and Vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga . Kapampangan produced two 19th-century literary giants; Anselmo Fajardo was noted for Gonzalo de Córdova and Comedia Heróica de la Conquista de Granada, and playwright Juan Crisóstomo Soto wrote Alang Dios in 1901. "Crissotan" was written by Amado Yuzon, Soto's 1950s contemporary and Nobel Prize nominee for peace and literature, to immortalize his contribution to Kapampangan literature.
Geographic distribution
Kapampangan is predominantly spoken in the province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac. It is also spoken in border communities of the provinces of Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija and Zambales. In Mindanao, a significant Kapampangan-speaking minority also exists in South Cotabato, specifically in General Santos and the municipalities of Polomolok and Tupi. According to the 2000 Philippine census, 2,312,870 people spoke Kapampangan as their native language.Phonology
Standard Kapampangan has 21 phonemes: 15 consonants and five vowels; some western dialects have six vowels. Syllabic structure is relatively simple; each syllable contains at least one consonant and a vowel.Vowels
Kapampangan has five vowel phonemes:- , a close back unrounded vowel when unstressed; allophonic with, an open front unrounded vowel similar to English "father" when stressed
- , an open-mid front unrounded vowel similar to English "bed"
- , a close front unrounded vowel similar to English "machine"
- , a close-mid back rounded vowel similar to English "forty"
- , a close back rounded vowel similar to English "flute"
There are four main diphthongs:,,, and. In most dialects, and are reduced to and respectively.
Monophthongs have allophones in unstressed and syllable-final positions:
- is raised slightly in unstressed positions, except final syllables.
- Unstressed is usually pronounced, as in English "bit" and "book" respectively.
- In final syllables can be pronounced, and can be pronounced.
- * deni/reni can be pronounced / or /; seli can be pronounced or ; kekami can be pronounced or ; suerti can be pronounced or , sisilim can be pronounced or .
- * kanu can be pronounced or ; libru can be pronounced or ; ninu can be pronounced or ; kaku can be pronounced or , and kamaru can be pronounced or .
- Unstressed are usually pronounced, respectively.
Consonants
- tends to lenite to between vowels.
- and are allophones in Kapampangan, and sometimes interchangeable; Nukarin la ring libru? can be Nukarin la ding libru?.
- A glottal stop at the end of a word is often omitted in the middle of a sentence.
Stress
- dápat → dapát
- dapúg → dápug
- ábe → abáyan
- láso → lasáwan
Sound changes
Proto-Philippine merged with. The Kapampangan word for "new" is bayu; it is bago in Tagalog, baro in Ilocano, and baru in Indonesian.
Grammar
Nouns
Kapampangan nouns are not inflected, but are usually preceded by case markers. There are three types of case markers: absolutive, ergative, and oblique.Unlike English and Spanish and Inuit and Basque, Kapampangan has Austronesian alignment. Austronesian alignment may work with nominative or ergative markers and pronouns.
Absolutive or nominative markers mark the actor of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb. Ergative or genitive markers mark the object of an intransitive verb and the actor of a transitive one. It also marks possession. Oblique markers, similar to prepositions in English, mark location and direction. Noun markers are divided into two classes: names of people and everything else.
Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique | |
Common singular | ing | -ng, ning | king |
Common plural | ding, ring | ring | karing |
Personal singular | i | -ng | kang |
Personal plural | di, ri | ri | kari |
Examples:
- Dintang ya ing lalaki.
- Ikit neng Juan i Maria.
- Munta ya i Elena ampo i Robertu king bale nang Miguel.
- Nukarin la ring libro?
- Ibiye ke ing susi kang Carmen.
Pronouns
Absolutive | Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique | |
1st person singular | yaku, i aku, aku | ku | ku | kanaku, kaku |
2nd person singular | ika | ka | mu | keka |
3rd person singular | iya, ya | ya | na | keya, kaya |
1st person dual | ikata | kata, ta | ta | kekata |
1st person plural inclusive | ikatamu, itamu | katamu, tamu | tamu, ta | kekatamu, kekata |
1st person plural exclusive | ikami, ike | kami, ke | mi | kekami, keke |
2nd person plural | ikayu, iko | kayu, ko | yu | kekayu, keko |
3rd person plural | ila | la | da, ra | karela |
Examples
- Sinulat ku.
- Silatanan ke.
- Silatanan na ku.
- Dintang ya. Note: Dintang ya = He arrived ; Dintang ne = He has arrived.
- Sabian me kaku.
- Ninu ing minaus keka?
- Mamasa la.
- Mamangan la ring babi?
- Ing bale ku; Ing kakung bale; Ing kanakung bale
- Ala katang nasi..
- Ala tamung nasi..
- Ala keng nasi, Ala kaming nasi.
- Dintang ya i Erning.
- Mamasa la ri Maria at Juan.
- Silatanan na kang José.
Special forms
- Ati yu king Pampanga.
- Ala lu ring doktor keni, Ala lu ding doktor keni.
Pronoun combinations
Kapampangan pronouns follow a certain order after verbs. The enclitic pronoun is always followed by another pronoun.- Silatanan na ku.
- Ikit ke.
- Dinan kong kwalta.
- Akakit me?
- Buri nya naman yan, buri ne murin yan.
yaku | ika | ya | ikata | ikatamu | ikami | ikayo | ila | |
ku | da ka ra ka | ke keya | – | – | – | da ko da kayu | ko ku la | |
mu | mu ku | me mya | – | – | mu ke mu kami | – | mo mu la | |
na | na ku | na ka | ne nya | na kata | na katamu | na ke na kami | na ko na kayu | no nu la |
ta | – | – | te tya | – | – | – | to ta la | |
tamu | – | – | ta ya | – | – | – | ta la | |
mi | – | da ka ra ka | mi ya | – | – | da ko da kayu | mi la | |
yu | yu ku | – | ye ya | – | – | yu ke yu kami | yo yu la | |
da | da ku ra ku | da ka ra ka | de dya | da kata ra kata | da katamu ra katamu | da ke da kami | da ko da kayu | do da la |
Demonstrative pronouns
Kapampangan's demonstrative pronouns differ from other Philippine languages by having separate forms for singular and plural.The demonstrative pronouns ini and iti both mean "this", but each has distinct uses. Iti usually refers to something abstract, but may also refer to concrete nouns: iting musika, iti ing gagawan mi. Ini is always concrete: ining libru, ini ing asu nang Juan.
In their locative forms, keni is used when the person spoken to is not near the subject spoken of; keti is used when the person spoken to is near the subject spoken of. Two people in the same country will refer to their country as keti, but will refer to their respective towns as keni; both mean "here".
The plural forms of a demonstrative pronoun and its existential form are exceptions. The plural of iyan is den/ren; the plural of niyan is daren; the plural of kanyan is karen, and the plural of oyan is oren. The existential form of iyan is ken.
- Nanu ini?
- Mangabanglu la rening sampaga, Mangabanglu la dening sampaga.
- Ninu ing lalaking ita?
- Me keni, munta ka keni.
- Ati ku keti, atsu ku keni, atyu ku keni.
- Mangan la keta.
- Ninu ing anak a yan?
- Uyta/Oyta ya pala ing salamin mu!
- E ku pa menakit makanyan/makanini.
- Manyaman la ren/Manyaman la den.
- Ayni/Areni/Oreni la reng adwang regalo para keka.
- Buri daka!
- Kaluguran daka!
- Mangan Tana!
- Edaka buring mawala!
Verbs
The direct case morphemes in Kapampangan are ing and reng, for plural subjects. Non-subject agents are marked with the ergative-case ning; non-subject patients are marked with the accusative-case -ng, which is cliticized onto the preceding word.
Ambiguities and irregularities
Speakers of other Philippine languages find Kapampangan verbs difficult because some verbs belong to unpredictable verb classes and some verb forms are ambiguous. The root word sulat exists in Tagalog and Kapampangan:- Susulat means "is writing" in Kapampangan and "will write" in Tagalog.
- Sumulat means "will write" in Kapampangan and "wrote" in Tagalog. It is the infinitive in both languages.
- Sinulat means "wrote" in both languages. In Kapampangan it is in the actor focus or object focus, and object focus only in Tagalog.
- Bayaran : bayaran, babayaran, beyaran
- Bayaran : bayaran, babayaran, binayad
A number of actor-focus verbs do not use the infix -um-, but are usually conjugated like other verbs which do, bulus, terak, lukas, sindi, saklu, takbang and tuki. Many of these verbs undergo a change of vowel instead of taking the infix -in-. In the actor focus, this happens only to verbs with the vowel /u/ in the first syllable; lukas is conjugated lukas, lulukas, and likas.
This change of vowel also applies to certain object-focus verbs in the completed aspect. In addition to /u/ becoming /i/, /a/ becomes /e/ in certain cases.
There is no written distinction between the two mag- affixes; magsalita may mean "is speaking" or "will speak", but there is an audible difference. means "will speak" while means "is speaking".
Infinitive & contemplative | Progressive | Completed | |
Actor focus | -um- | CV- | -ín- |
Actor focus | – | CV- | -in- -i- |
Actor focus | m- | mVm- | min- me- |
Actor focus | mag- | mág- | mig-, meg- |
Actor focus | ma- | má- | ne- |
Actor focus | maN- | máN- | meN- |
Object focus | -an | CV-... -an | -in- -i- -e- |
Object focus Benefactive focus | i- | iCV- | i- -in- i- -i- i- -e- |
Object focus Locative focus | -an | CV-... -an | -in-... -an -i-... -an -e-... -an |
Instrument focus | ipaN- | páN- | piN-, peN |
Reason focus | ka- | ká- | ke- |
Enclitics
- warî: used optionally in yes-and-no questions and other types of questions
- agyaman, man: even, even if, even though
- nung: conditional particle expressing an unexpected event; if
- kanu: reporting particle indicating that the information is second-hand; he said, she said, they said, it was said, allegedly, reportedly, supposedly
- din, rin: inclusive particle which adds something to what was said before; also, too
- iká: expresses hope or an unrealized condition ; also used in conditional aspect
- itá: expresses uncertainty or an unrealized idea; perhaps, probably, seems
- mu: limiting particle; only, just
- na, pa
- *na: now, already, yet, anymore
- *pa: still, else
- namán: used in making contrasts and to soften requests and emphasis
- nanu ita: expresses cause; because, because of
- pin: used in affirmations or emphasis and to soften imperatives; indeed
- palá: realization particle, indicating that the speaker has realized something
- pu, opu: politeness particle
- Swerti kanu iti kanaku: I was told that it is lucky.
- Edukado ya rin ing nobyu mu, Edukado ya din ing nobyu mu: Your boyfriend is also educated.
Existence and possession
- Atí la namang konsyensya: They also have a conscience.
Negation
- Alí ya sinali.
- Alá na mo kanung lugud.
- E ke seli.
Interrogative words
- Komustá na ka?
- Komustá ya ing pasyenti?
Ninu means "who":
- Ninu la reng lalaki? or Ninu la deng lalaki?
- Ninu i Jennifer?
- Nukarin ya ing drayber/mag-manewu?.
- Nukarin ya i Henry?
Loanwords
- Ápû 阿婆 " grandmother"
- Bápa 爸伯 "uncle"
- Ditsí 二姊 "2nd eldest sister"
- Díko 二哥 "2nd eldest brother"
- Dízon 二孫 "2nd eldest grandson"
- Gózun 五孫 "5th eldest grandson"
- Lácson 六孫 "6th eldest grandson"
- Pekson 八孫 "8th eldest grandson"
- Impû 外婆 " grandmother"
- Ingkung 外公 " grandfather"
- Atsi 阿姐 "eldest sister"
- Kóya 哥仔 "eldest brother"
- Sanko 三哥 "3rd eldest brother"
- Satsi 三姊 "4th eldest sister"
- Sámson 三孫 "3rd eldest grandson"
- Sese 謝謝 "pet, to look after, thank you"
- Síson 四孫 "4th eldest grandson"
- Sitson 七孫 "7th eldest grandson"
- Susi 鎖匙 "key"
- Sitsí 四姊 "4th eldest sister"
- Síko 四哥 "4th eldest brother"
- Tuázon 太孫 "eldest grandson
- Pansit 便食 "noodles"
- Buisit 無衣食 "bad luck"
- Aláya, "home", from the Sanskrit आलय alaya
- Kalma, "fate", from the Sanskrit कर्म karma
- Damla, "divine law", from the Sanskrit धर्म dharma
- Mantála, "magic formulas", from the Sanskrit मन्त्र mantra
- Upáya, "power", from the Sanskrit उपाय upaya
- Siuálâ, "voice", from the Sanskrit स्वर svara
- Lúpa, "face", from the Sanskrit रुपा rupa
- Sabla, "every", from the Sanskrit सर्व sarva
- Láwû, "eclipse/dragon", from the Sanskrit राहु rahu
- Galúrâ, "giant eagle", from the Sanskrit गरुड garuda
- Láksina, "south", from the Sanskrit दक्षिण dakshin
- Laksamana, "admiral", from the Sanskrit लक्ष्मण lakshmana
Writing systems and orthography
Kapampangan, like most Philippine languages, uses the Latin alphabet. Before the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, it was written with the Kulitan alphabet. Kapampangan is usually written in one of three different writing systems: sulat Baculud, sulat Wawa and a hybrid of the two, Amung Samson.The first system is based on Spanish orthography, a feature of which involved the use of the letters ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ to represent the phoneme /k/. ⟨C⟩ was used before /a/, /o/ and /u/, and ⟨q⟩ was used with ⟨u⟩ before the vowels /e/ and /i/. The Spanish-based orthography is primarily associated with literature by authors from Bacolor and the text used on the Kapampangan Pasion.
The second system, the Sulat Wawa, is an "indigenized" form which preferred ⟨k⟩ over ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ in representing the phoneme /k/. This orthography, based on the Abakada alphabet was used by writers from Guagua and rivaled writers from the nearby town of Bacolor.
The third system, Amung Samson hybrid orthography, intends to resolve the conflict in spelling between proponents of the sulat Baculud and sulat Wawa. This system was created by former Catholic priest Venancio Samson during the 1970s to translate the Bible into Kapampangan. It resolved conflicts between the use of ⟨q⟩ and ⟨c⟩ and ⟨k⟩ by using ⟨k⟩ before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. The system also removed ⟨ll⟩ and ⟨ñ⟩, replacing them with ⟨ly⟩ and ⟨ny⟩.
Orthography has been debated by Kapampangan writers, and orthographic styles may vary by writer. The sulat Wawa system has become the popular method of writing due to the influence of the Tagalog-based Filipino language and its orthography. The sulat Wawa system is used by the Akademyang Kapampangan and the poet Jose Gallardo.
Orthographic history and disputes
From the 10th century AD to 1571, before the Spanish conquest of Lúsung Guo which resulted in the creation of the Province of Pampanga, Kapampangans used a writing system known as Kulitan or Sulat Kapampangan. Augustinian missionaries studied the Kapampangan language and its writing system.As late as 1699, more than a century after the Spanish conquest, Spaniards continued studying the Kapampangan language and writing system. The Spanish introduced a Romanized orthography, known as the Bacolor Orthography, Súlat Bacúlud or Tutûng Kapampángan because of the number of works written in this orthography. The orthography contains the letters q, c, f, ñ and ll.
By the end of the Spanish colonization, the Abakada alphabet replaced c and q with k. Kapampangan nationalist writers from Wáwâ wanted to create an identity distinct from the Bacúlud literary tradition. They were inspired by José Rizal, who proposed simplifying the Romanized Tagalog by replacing c and q with k. Two Kapampangan writers from Wáwâ, Aurelio Tolentino and Monico Mercado have adapted Rizal's proposal into Kapampangan writing.
's Extension Program on Pampanga's new campus.
On December 31, 1937, Philippine president Manuel L. Quezon proclaimed the language based on Tagalog as the commonwealth's national language. Zoilo Hilario proposed standardizing Kapampangan orthography. A member of the Institute of National Language, Hilario sought to adopt the Abakada alphabet used in Tagalog as Kapampangan's orthographic system. The legal imposition of Tagalog as the Philippine national language placed all other Philippine languages in a subordinate position. The conflict between the "purists" and "anti-purists" which plagued the Tagalog literary scene was echoed by Kapampangan writers.
In 1970, Venancio Samson called the dispute over Kapampangan orthography to the attention of the Philippine Bible Society and submitted a proposal aimed at reconciling the old and the new spelling in Kapampangan writing with what is known as Ámung Samson's hybrid orthography. Samson's synthesis was readily accepted by the Catholic Archdiocese of Pampanga, which used it in most of its Kapampangan publications during the early 1970s.
In 1997, the Batiáuan Foundation said that the major obstacle to popularizing Kapampangan was the intense conflict over orthography. The prediction that the Kapampangans would be absorbed by the Tagalogs was seen by Kapampangan groups as a real threat, since Tagalog words were replacing indigenous words in spoken Kapampangan. They revised the Abakada alphabet in Kapampangan writing, removing the letter w and mandating simplified diacritical marks. According to Akademyang Kapampangan, the Batiáuan revision complicates Kapampangan writing and confuses adherents of their proposed orthography. Batiáuan insists that the diacritical marks are essential in written Kapampangan, because many words are spelled the same but are pronounced differently. From this perspective, diacritical marks facilitate understanding instead of complicating the language.
Prayers, words and sentences
- Sign of the cross: Uli ning tanda ning Santa Cruz, karing masamá kekami, ikabus Mu kami, Ginu ming Dios. King lagyu ning +Ibpa, ampon ning Anak, ampon ning Espiritu Santo. Amen.
- The Creed: Sasalpantaya ku king Dios, Ibpang mayupayang tutu, linalang king banwa't yatu. At kang Hesukristong Anak nang Bugtung a Ginu tamu. Pengagli Ya king upaya ning Banal a Espiritu, mibayit Ya kang Santa Mariang Birhen. Linasa Ya lalam nang upaya nang Poncio Pilato. Mipaku ya king krus, mete Ya't mikutkut. Tinipa Ya karing mete. King katlung aldo, sinubli yang mebie. Pepaitas Ya banua, makalukluk wanan ning Dios Ibpang mayupayang tutu. Ibat karin, magbalik Ya naman keti ban mukum karing mabie ampon mengamate. Sasalpantaya ku king Banal a Espiritu, ang Santa Iglesia Katolika, ang pamisamak ding Santos, ang pangapatauadda ring kasalanan, king pangasubli rang mie ring mete, at king bie alang angga. Amen.
- The Lord's Prayer: Ibpa mi, a atiu banua. Misamban ya ing lagyu Mu. Datang kekami ing kayarian Mu. Mipamintuan ing lub Mu, keti sulip anti banua. Ing kakanan mi king aldo-aldo ibie Mu kekami king aldo ngeni. Ampon ipatawad Mo kekami ring sala mi Keka, anti ing pamamatauad mi karing mikasala kekami. E Mu ke ipaisaul ang tuksu, nune ikabus Mu kami karing sablang marok. Amen.
- Hail Mary: Bapu, Maria! Mitmu ka king grasya. Ing Ginung Dios atyu keka. Nuan ka karing sablang babayi, at nuan ya pa naman ing bunga ning atian mu, i Jesús. Santa Maria, Indu ning Dios. Ipanalangin mu keng makasalanan, ngeni, ampon king oras ning kamatayan mi. Amen.
- Gloria Patri: Ligaya king Ibpa, at ang Anak, at ang Espiritu Santo. Antimo ing sadya nang ligaya ibat king kamumulan, ngeni't kapilan man, mangga man king alang angga. Amen.
- Salve Regina: Bapu Reyna, Indung Mamakalulu, bie ampon yumu, manga panaligan mi, Bapu Reyna, ikang ausan mi, ikeng pepalakuan a anak nang Eva; ikang pangisnawan ming malalam, daralung ke manga tatangis keni king karinan ning luwa. Ngamu na Reyna, Patulunan mi, balicdan mu kami karing mata mung mapamakalulu, ampon nung mapupus, pangalako mu queti sulip, pakit me kekami i Hesus, a bungang masampat ning atian mu. O malugud! O mapamakalulu! O Santa Maria Birhen a mayumu! Ipanalangin mu kami, O Santang Indu ning Dios. Ba’keng sukat makinabang karing pengaku nang Hesukristong Ginu tamu.
- One - isa
- Two - aduá
- Three - atlú
- Four - ápat
- Five - limá
- Six - ánam
- Seven - pitú
- Eight - ualú
- Nine - s'yám
- Ten - apúlu
- My name is John. - Juan ya ing lagyu ku.
- I am here! - Atyu ku keni!
- Where are you? - Nukarin ka ?
- I love you. - Kaluguran daka.
- What do you want? - Nanu ya ing buri mu?
- I will go home. - Muli ku.
- They don't want to eat. - Ali la bisang mangan.
- He bought rice. - Sinali yang nasi.
- She likes that. - Buri ne ita.
- May I go out? - Malyari ku waring lumwal?
- I can't sleep. - Ali ku mipapatudtud.
- We are afraid. - Tatakut kami.
- My pet died yesterday. - Mete ya ing sese ku napun.
- How old are you? - Pilan na kang banua?
- How did you do that? - Makananu meng gewa ita?
- How did you get here? – Katnamu ka miparas keni?
- How big is it? - Makananu ya karagul?
- When will you be back? - Kapilan ka mibalik?
- I - yaku, i aku
- You - ika, ikayu
- You and I - ikata
- We - ikami
- Us - itamu, ikatamu
- All of us - itamu ngan, ikatamu ngan
- All of you - ikayu nga, iko ngan
- Love - lugud
- Anger - muwa
- Beautiful - malagu
- Handsome - masanting
- Beauty - lagu
- Head - buntuk
- Hair - buak
- Eye - mata
- Nose - arung
- Ear - balugbug
- Lip - labi, asbuk, balungus
- Teeth - ipan
- Neck - batal
- Forehead - kanuan
- Back - gulut
- Hand - gamat
- Finger - taliri
- Butt - buldit
- Chest - salu
- Stomach - atyan
- Shoulder - pago
- Leg - puwad
- Navel - pusad
- Sun - aldo
- Moon - bulan
- Star - batuin
- Sky - banua
- Cloud - ulap
- Earth - yatu
- Morning - abak
- Noon - ugtu, ugtung aldo
- Afternoon - gatpanapun
- Dusk - sisilim
- Night - bengi
- Breakfast - almusal
- Lunch - abakan
- Dinner - apunan
- Midnight - kapitangang bengi
- Dawn, daybreak - ganing aldo
- Path, road - dalan
- Bridge - tete
- Air - angin
- Soil - gabun
- Water - danum
- Fire - api
- Food - pamangan
- Viand, dish - ulam, asan
- Shrimp paste - baguk
- Fermented fish - buru
- Leftovers - lataklatak
- Dog - asu
- Cat - pusa
- Mouse, rat - dagis
- Ant - panas, salusad
- Snake - ubingan, bingan
- Mosquito - amuk
- Fly - lango
- Termite - ane
- Butterfly - paru-paru
- Dragonfly - tulang
- Grasshopper - tipaklung
- Cricket - kamaru
- Lizard - lupisak
- Bee - bubuyug
- Cockroach - ipas
- Spider - babagwa
- Bird - ayup
- Crocodile, alligator - dapu
- Horse - kabayu
- Pig, boar - babi
- Chicken - manuk
- Duck - bibi
- Fish - asan
- Carabao - damulag
- Cow - baka
- Shrimp - paro
- Crab - ema
- Snakehead - bulig
- Catfish - itu
- Milkfish - bangus
- St. Peter's fish - talapia
- Plant - tanaman
- Flower - sampaga
- Leaf - bulung
- Root - uyat
- Vegetable - gule
- Fruit - prutas
- House - bale
- School - iskuwela
- Church - pisamban
- Chapel - bisitas
- Hospital - uspital
- Cemetery - campo santo, kabisantu
- Rain - uran
- Thunder - duldul
- Lightning - kildap
- Earthquake - ayun
- Typhoon, storm - bagyu
- Waterspout, Tornado- ipu-ipu, buawi
- Flood - albug
- Town, municipality - balen
- Husband, wife - asawa, abe
- Child - anak
- Parent - pengari
- Sibling - kapatad
- Uncle - bapa
- Aunt - dara
- Cousin - pisan
- Mother- or father-in-law - katuangan
- Son- or daughter-in-law - manuyang
- Sister- or brother-in-law - bayo, bilas
- Grandchild - apu
- Godparent - tegawan
- Godchild - nanak
- Friend - kaluguran
- Enemy - kapate