Juliformia
Juliformia is a taxonomic superorder of millipedes containing three living orders: Julida, Spirobolida, and Spirostreptida, and the extinct group Xyloiuloidea known only from fossils. The species possess long cylindrical bodies with sclerites fused into complete rings. Juliform millipedes possess defensive repugnatorial glands on all body segments except the last few, and are the only known millipedes to produce quinones in their defensive secretions. Juliform males have two pairs of gonopods consisting of the modified 8th and 9th pair of legs: in Julida and Spirobolida the posterior gonopods are primarily involved in sperm-transferring, while in Spirostreptida it is the anterior gonopods. Juliformians also lack Tömösváry organs and have a large collum which overhangs the rear of the head.
The Xyloiuloidea is an extinct superfamily of fossil millipedes of uncertain placement within the Juliformia. Known from the Lower Devonian to the Upper Pennsylvanian, Xyloiuloidea consists of four families and several genera. The group was formerly considered a suborder of Spirobolida, but newly discovered species in 2006 required a reconsideration of classification, and the order to which Xyloiuloidea belongs remains undetermined.
