Jephtha is an oratorio by George Frideric Handel with an English languagelibretto by the Rev. Thomas Morell, based on the story of Jephtha in Judges and Jephthes sive votum by George Buchanan. Whilst writing Jephtha, Handel was increasingly troubled by his gradual loss of sight, and this proved to be his last oratorio. In the autograph score, at the end of the chorus "How dark, O Lord, are thy decrees" he wrote "Reached here on 13 February 1751, unable to go on owing to weakening of the sight of my left eye." The story revolves around Jephtha's rash promise to the Almighty that if he is victorious, he will sacrifice the first creature he meets on his return. He is met by his beloved daughter Iphis. Unlike the original Biblical story, an angel intervenes to stop the sacrifice, and Iphis only needs to dedicate her life to the Lord. In contrast, the Biblical story states that her father chose to sacrifice her, but a short reprieve is arranged, after which Iphis dutifully returns and is killed. Staged performance of material based on biblical subjects was forbidden in Great Britain at the time the work was premiered. Handel's final masterpiece was presented at Covent Garden Theatre on 26 February 1752, with the composer conducting, and with a cast that included John Beard as Jephtha and two divas of the opera stage, Giulia Frasi, Handel's prima donna since 1749, and Caterina Galli. It was presented without scenery or costumes, divided into three acts. Today the work is recognised as one of Handel's most sublime masterpieces and is sometimes fully staged as an opera
Dramatis personae
Synopsis
Act 1
The Israelites have been under the rule of the neighbouring Ammonites for eighteen years and have adopted many of their ways and worship of their gods. They face the loss of their country and their religious identity unless they rebel, as Zebul tells them. Zebul advises them to recall his half-brother Jephtha from exile so he can lead them to freedom and to repent of their worship of the Ammonites' idols. The Israelites vow to stop their sacrifices to the Ammonite gods Moloch and Chemosh and thenceforth to worship Jehovah only. Jephtha, trusting in his own virtue, agrees to lead the Israelites in battle against their enemies on condition that if he is victorious he will be their leader in peacetime afterwards. His wife Storgé supports his mission to win freedom for their country but will miss him sorely while he is away. Iphis, only child of Jephtha and Storgé, is asked by her sweetheart Hamor to marry him soon but she tells him to prove himself worthy of her by fighting valiantly under her father's command first. He agrees to this and the pair look forward to a happy future together after their country has achieved its freedom Jephtha, alone, vows to the Almighty that if he is allowed to win victory over Israel's enemies, he will sacrifice to God the first living thing he sees upon his return after the battle The Israelites implore divine assistance . Jephtha's wife Storgé is unaware of her husband's rash vow but she is experiencing presentiments of tragedy. She explains to her daughter that she has had dreams of danger to Iphis, but Iphis attempts to dismiss her mother's nightmares as meaningless. The Israelites have sent an embassy to the king of the Ammonites offering peace terms, but it has been rejected. Therefore, Jephtha orders the Israelites to prepare for war and they express their confidence that God will aid them.
Act 2
Hamor brings Iphis the welcome news that her father has utterly vanquished the Ammonites in battle. The Israelites celebrate their resounding victory, which they ascribe to angelic assistance. Having proved himself in the battle, Hamor hopes that Iphis will now agree to marry him. Iphis prepares to go out to congratulate her father with other young girls, greeting him with song and dance. Zebul is jubilant that Jephtha has won liberty for his people but Jephtha insists that the glory is the Lord's.The Israelites offer thanks to God. Iphis leads a procession of young girls singing and dancing to welcome her father's return but Jephtha is horrified that his daughter is the first living thing he has seen on his return and orders her to leave him. His vow requires him to sacrifice his only child, but he would prefer to die himself. He explains to his wife, brother and Hamor that having made this rash vow he must now kill his daughter. His wife vehemently rejects this horrific prospect and Hamor pleads to be allowed to die in his sweetheart's place. All three implore Jephtha not to carry out his cruel vow but he insists that he has no choice. Iphis returns, having heard of her father's vow and accepts that she must now be killed by the hand of her father. Jephtha is deeply anguished but still feels he must fulfill his vow. The Israelites comment on the unknowable ways of God.
Act 3
In intense distress, Jephtha prepares to take his beloved daughter's life and prays that she may be received into heaven. Iphis is resigned to her fate and the assembled priests preach submission to the divine will . As Jephtha lifts the sacrificial knife however, heavenly music is heard and an angel appears, declaring that human sacrifice is not pleasing to God. Iphis must be dedicated to God's service and stay a virgin through life, but she will live. The priests praise God's mercy. The rest of Jephtha's family come in and Zebul proclaims that Iphis' faith and courage will forever be remembered. Storgé is relieved and happy that her daughter will not be put to death and Hamor is also glad Iphis will be safe though he mourns the fact that she can never be his wife. Iphis hopes he will find another love as she dedicates herself to serve God alone throughout her life and promises to hold him in esteem as he accepts her decision. All express their joy.
Music and musical characterisation
The music of Jephtha is notable for its emotional intensity, directness and restraint. Iphis is characterised in her music as the epitome of faith, duty and resignation and her mother as an outraged matron. The numerous accompanied recitatives in the work capture the anguish of the characters. Jephtha's torment is searingly depicted in the music. His aria "Waft her angels, through the skies" became familiar out of the context of the whole piece.
