Jacob ben Machir ibn Tibbon Jacob ben Machir ibn Tibbon , of the Ibn Tibbon family, also known as Prophatius . Provençal, Jewish astronomer ; born, probably at Marseilles , about 1236; died at Montpellier about 1304. He was a grandson of Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon . His Provençal name was Don Profiat Tibbon ; the Latin writers called him Profatius Judæus . Jacob occupies a considerable place in the history of astronomy in the Middle Ages . His works, translated into Latin, were quoted by Copernicus , Reinhold , and Clavius . He was also highly reputed as a physician , and, according to Jean Astruc , Ibn Tibbon was regent of the faculty of medicine of Montpellier. In the controversy between the Maimonists and the anti-Maimonists, Jacob defended science against the attacks of Abba Mari and his party; the energetic attitude of the community of Montpellier on that occasion was due to his influence. Jacob became known by a series of Hebrew translations of Arabic scientific and philosophical works, and above all by two original works on astronomy . His translations are: the Elements of Euclid , divided into fifteen chapters; the treatise of Qusta ibn Luqa on the armillary sphere , in sixty-five chapters; Sefer ha-Mattanot, the Data of Euclid; a treatise of Autolycus on the sphere in movement; three treatises on the sphere of Menelaus of Alexandria ; Ma'amar bi-Tekunah, or Sefer 'al Tekunah, in forty-four chapters; a treatise on the use of the astrolabe compendium of the Almagest of Ptolemy Iggeret ha-Ma'aseh be-Luaḥ ha-Niḳra Sofiḥah, preface to Abraham bar Ḥiyya's astronomical work; an extract from the Almagest on the arc of a circle; "Ḳiẓẓur mi-Kol Meleket Higgayon," Averroes' compendium of the Organon ; Averroes' paraphrase of books xi–xix of Aristotle's history of animals ; Mozene ha-'Iyyunim, from Ghazali , including also a large part deriving from the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity . The two original works of Jacob are: a description of the astronomical instrument called the quadrant, in sixteen chapters, the last of which shows how to construct this instrument. This was translated several times into Latin; astronomical tables , beginning with 1 March 1300. These tables were translated into Latin and enjoyed great repute.
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