JJY


JJY is the call sign of a low frequency time signal radio station located in Japan.
The station broadcasts from two sites, one on Mount Otakadoya, near Fukushima, and the other on Mount Hagane, located on Kyushu Island. JJY is operated by the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, an independent administrative institution affiliated with the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of the Japanese government.

Transmission sites

The Mount Otakadoya site is located at an elevation of 790 meters in Fukushima Prefecture. It broadcasts a 50 kW signal on 40 kHz from an umbrella top-loading antenna situated 250 meters above the ground. In March 2011, it was powered down and evacuated due to its proximity to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. It resumed broadcasting on April 21, unattended by staff. It went off air again temporarily on April 25 due to lightning, but has ever since been on air.
The Mount Hagane site is located at an elevation of 900 meters in Saga Prefecture. It broadcasts a 50 kW signal on 60 kHz to avoid interfering with the Otakadoya site as their signals overlap. The antenna for the Hagane site is also an umbrella top loading antenna and is situated 200 meters above the ground. This site does not have a redundant 40 kHz transmitter, so cannot act as a fallback for the Mount Otakadoya site.

Time standards

Both carrier signals contain an identical pulse-width modulated time code and are transmitted 24 hours a day. Low frequency transmissions are used to enhance accuracy and reduce the possibility of atmospheric interference. The calculated accuracy of JJY's signal is 1×10−11.
Japan Standard Time is set by a caesium atomic clock in Tokyo. This information is sent to the transmitter stations and is used to set a caesium atomic clock at each station. These clocks are housed in an environmentally controlled and electromagnetically shielded room to prevent outside interference with the clocks.
The time code format is very similar to that of WWVB in the United States but technically is a variant of IRIG. Similarly to WWVB or MSF the signal of JJY is used to synchronize consumer radio-controlled clocks sold throughout Japan.

Transmission systems

Each station has an identical setup of equipment. A dual set of transmitters, a primary and a backup, provide for constant transmission of the time code. However, it is not possible given the current design configuration for one site to act as a lower power alternate frequency backup for the other. The backups are set to automatically take over in the event that the primary transmission system has a failure. The Time Signal Control Room generates the standard LF signal and time code that is broadcast.
The Impedance Matching Room has a matching transformer to perform impedance matching between the transmitter and the antenna. Due to the high power of radio frequency signals that pass through the room, it is completely shielded in copper and is off-limits during broadcasts.

History and former shortwave station

On January 30, 1940, the Communications Research Laboratory, began operations of JJY as a shortwave station, broadcasting at 4, 7, 9, and 13 MHz. Over the years, these were dropped and by the late 1950s, JJY was transmitting its time signal on standard frequencies of 2.5, 5, 8, 10, and 15 MHz. The 2.5 and 15 MHz broadcasts terminated in 1996. The time signals included announcements of the time, in both Morse code and by a female voice, before every tenth minute: for example, "JJY JJY 1630 JST".
Experimental station JG2AS began broadcasting on January 10, 1966, providing digitally encoded time signals in the longwave band at 40 kHz. In 1997, the CRL, determining that the longwave time signal was more accurate when received, subject to less interference, and in wider use than the shortwave time signal, decided to construct a new longwave time station and gradually eliminate the shortwave broadcasts. The first official longwave station of JJY began broadcasting from Mount Otakadoya at 40 kHz on June 10, 1999, and the shortwave broadcasts finally ceased operation on March 31, 2001. On October 1, 2001, the 60 kHz longwave transmission from Mount Hagane began.
The Mount Otakadoya transmitter survived the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, but is 17 km from the Fukushima I nuclear accidents, and was powered down when it was evacuated on March 12 due to the 20 km radius evacuation order. It was re-enabled April 21.

JJY Time Code

As with most longwave time code stations, the JJY signal is amplitude-modulated to send one bit per second, transmitting a complete time code every minute.
The time code is most similar to that transmitted by WWVB, but each bit is reversed: on the second, the carrier is increased to full power. Some time during the second, the carrier is reduced by 10 dB, to 10% power, until the beginning of the next second.
call sign transmitted from 0:40 to 0:49.
There are three different signals that are sent each second:
As with WWVB, seconds 0, 9, 19, 29, 39, 49 and 59 of each minute are marker bits. The remaining 53 encode Japan Standard Time using binary-coded decimal. JST does not include summer time, but bits are reserved to handle it. Leap second warning bits are also provided, these announce leap seconds starting at the beginning of the UTC month, and ending with the leap second insertion.
The full-time code is as follows:
The first 35 seconds are identical to WWVB, but after that it diverges, including some parity and day-of-week bits not in WWVB, and omitting DUT1 information.
BitWeightMeaningBitWeightMeaningBitWeightMeaning
:00MStart of minute marker bit:200Unused, always 0.:40SU2Currently unused, always 0.
'
:0140Minutes:210Unused, always 0.:4180Year
:0220Minutes:22200Day of year
1=January 1
365=December 31
366=December 31, leap year		:4240Year
:0310Minutes:23100Day of year
1=January 1
365=December 31
366=December 31, leap year		:4320Year
:040Minutes:240Day of year
1=January 1
365=December 31
366=December 31, leap year		:4410Year
:058Minutes:2580Day of year
1=January 1
365=December 31
366=December 31, leap year		:458Year
:064Minutes:2640Day of year
1=January 1
365=December 31
366=December 31, leap year		:464Year
:072Minutes:2720Day of year
1=January 1
365=December 31
366=December 31, leap year		:472Year
:081Minutes:2810Day of year
1=January 1
365=December 31
366=December 31, leap year		:481Year
:09P1Marker bit:29P3Day of year
1=January 1
365=December 31
366=December 31, leap year		:49P5Marker bit
:100Unused, always 0.:308Day of year
1=January 1
365=December 31
366=December 31, leap year		:504Day of week.
0=Sunday, 6=Saturday
:110Unused, always 0.:314Day of year
1=January 1
365=December 31
366=December 31, leap year		:512Day of week.
0=Sunday, 6=Saturday
:1220Hours:322Day of year
1=January 1
365=December 31
366=December 31, leap year		:521Day of week.
0=Sunday, 6=Saturday
:1310Hours:331Day of year
1=January 1
365=December 31
366=December 31, leap year		:53LS1Leap second at end of current UTC month.
:140Hours:340Unused, always 0.:54LS2Leap second type: 1=added, 0=deleted.
:158Hours:350Unused, always 0.:550Unused, always 0.
:164Hours:36PA1Even parity of hours bits.:560Unused, always 0.
:172Hours:37PA2Even parity of minutes bits.:570Unused, always 0.
:181Hours:38SU1Currently unused, always 0. ':580Unused, always 0.
:19P2Marker bit:39P4Marker bit:59P0Marker bit.

P0 is always the last second of a minute. In the event of a leap second, an additional 0 bit in inserted before it, and the marker bit is transmitted during second 60. LS1 and LS2 are normally both 0. Both bits are set to announce an inserted leap second at the end of the current UTC month.
Twice per hour, the last 20 seconds of the time code are different. In lieu of the year bits, the station's call sign is broadcast in Morse code twice using on-off keying during seconds 40 through 48. Further, bits 50 through 55 are replaced by 6 status bits ST1 through ST6 which, if non-zero, indicate a scheduled service interruption:
ST1 through ST3 indicate the time of the planned service interruption:
ST1ST2ST3Meaning
000No service interruption planned within 7 days.
001Service interruption planned within 7 days.
010Service interruption planned within 3–6 days.
011Service interruption planned within 2 days.
100Service interruption planned within 24 hours.
101Service interruption planned within 12 hours.
110Service interruption planned within 2 hours.

ST4, if set, promises the service interruption will be during daylight hours only. If unset, the interruption may be all day.
ST5 and ST6 indicate the duration of the interruption:
ST5ST6Meaning
00No service interruption planned.
01Interruption for 7 days or more, or unknown duration.
10Interruption for 2–6 days.
11Interruption less than 2 days.

If no interruption is planned, all ST bits are 0.