The magnetostriction characterizes the shape change of a ferromagnetic material during magnetization, whereas the inverse magnetostrictive effect characterizes the change of sample magnetization when mechanical stresses are applied to the sample.
Qualitative explanation of magnetoelastic effect
Under a given uni-axial mechanical stress, the flux density for a given magnetizing field strength may increase or decrease. The way in which a material responds to stresses depends on its saturation magnetostriction. For this analysis, compressive stresses are considered as negative, whereas tensile stresses are positive.
According to Le Chatelier's principle: This means, that when the product is positive, the flux density increases under stress. On the other hand, when the product is negative, the flux density decreases under stress. This effect was confirmed experimentally.
Quantitative explanation of magnetoelastic effect
In the case of a single stress acting upon a single magnetic domain, the magnetic strain energy density can be expressed as: where is the magnetostrictive expansion at saturation, and is the angle between the saturation magnetization and the stress's direction. When and are both positive, the energy is minimum for = 0, i.e. when tension is aligned with the saturation magnetization. Consequently, the magnetization is increased by tension.
In fact, magnetostriction is more complex and depends on the direction of the crystal axes. In iron, the axes are the directions of easy magnetization, while there is little magnetization along the directions. This magnetic anisotropy pushed authors to define two independent longitudinal magnetostrictions and.
In cubic materials, the magnetostriction along any axis can be defined by a known linear combination of these two constants. For instance, the elongation along is a linear combination of and.
Under assumptions of isotropic magnetostriction, then and the linear dependence between the elastic energy and the stress is conserved,. Here,, and are the direction cosines of the domain magnetization, and,, those of the bond directions, towards the crystallographic directions.
Method suitable for effective testing of magnetoelastic effect in magnetic materials should fulfill the following requirements:
magnetic circuit of the tested sample should be closed. Open magnetic circuit causes demagnetization, which reduces magnetoelastic effect and complicates its analysis.
distribution of stresses should be uniform. Value and direction of stresses should be known.
there should be the possibility of making the magnetizing and sensing windings on the sample - necessary to measure magnetic hysteresis loop under mechanical stresses.
Following testing methods were developed:
tensile stresses applied to the strip of magnetic material in the shape of a ribbon. Disadvantage: open magnetic circuit of the tested sample.
tensile or compressive stresses applied to the frame-shaped sample. Disadvantage: only bulk materials may be tested. No stresses in the joints of sample columns.
compressive stresses applied to the ring core in the sideways direction. Disadvantage: non-uniform stresses distribution in the core.
tensile or compressive stresses applied axially to the ring sample. Disadvantage: stresses are perpendicular to the magnetizing field.
Applications of magnetoelastic effect
Magnetoelastic effect can be used in development of force sensors. This effect was used for sensors:
Magnetoelastic effect have to be also considered as a side effect of accidental application of mechanical stresses to the magnetic core of inductive component, e.g. fluxgates.
