Ibn Babawayh


Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn Babawayh al-Qummi, commonly referred to as Ibn Babawayh or al-Shaykh al-Saduq was a Persian Shia Islamic scholar whose work, entitled Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, forms part of The Four Books of the Shia Hadith collection.

Life

The patronymic, Ibn Babawayh indicates a Persian origin, as Babawayh is an Arabic form of the Persian name Babuyah. For some length of time, unknown, the family had been devout adherents of Shia Islam. Ibn Babawayh's father, Ali ibn Babawayh Qummi was a leading figure among the Islamic scholars of Qom.

Birth

The exact date of Ibn Babawayh's birth is not known. Shia scholars consider his birth to be after the year 305 A.H. He was born and raised in Qom, a town about south west of Tehran in modern-day Iran. Ibn Babawayh was educated by his father. He was taught by local scholars of Shia Islam. Qom was a centre of study of Shia traditions and it was this form of religious learning to which Ibn Babawayh adhered.

Middle Years

In 966 CE, Ibn Babawayh left Qom for Baghdad. He travelled widely, learning about the tradition of Islam. Ibn Babawayh later emphasized the importance of tradition over speculative theology. His works reflect this interest in traditions and nearly all of them take the form of compilations of traditions. However, Ibn Babawayh did write a creed of Shia Islam al-I'tiqadat. His pupil, the al-Shaykh al-Mufid, revised this creed in Tashih al-I'tiqad, critiquing several points.

Works

Ibn Babawayh was a prolific scholar. Muhammad ibn Al-Hasan al-Tusi numbered Ibn Babawayh's works at over 300 but counted only 43 in his immediate possession. al-Najashi listed 193 works but does not mention Ibn Babawayh's sentinel work, Man la yahduruhu al-faqih. Many of Ibn Babawayh's works are considered lost but some do survive. Some have been published and others survive in manuscript form.

Later years

During the last years of his life al Shaykh al-Saduq lived in Ray. He had been invited there by Rukn al-Dawla of the Buyid family. Although he was treated well, his teaching was then restricted by the Buyid family wazir, ibn 'Abbad. The attack appears to have been aimed at traditionalists in general as several Sunni traditionists suffered similar restrictions.

Death

Ibn Babawayh died in Ray in 381 A.H. He was probably more than 70 years of age. He is buried at Ebn-e Babooyeh in Persia (modern day Iran.
inside his tomb in Ibn Babawayh Cemetery

''Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih''

Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih a component of the group of four major books about the traditions of Shi'ite Islam. Despite the fact that many of Ibn Babawayh's other works are extremely important, this book is probably the most famous of his extant writings. However, some authorities maintain that there were five major books of traditions that included another of Ibn Babawayh's works, Madinat al-'ilm. Al-Tusi mentions that the latter work was bigger than Man la yahduruhu al-faqih but may no longer exist. Madinat al-'ilm was likely concerned with al-din rather than furu', the practical regulations for carrying out the shari'a.

Purpose

Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih is concerned with furu'. The title has been neatly translated by Edward Granville Browne as "Every man his own lawyer". In his introduction to the book, Ibn Babawayh explains the circumstances of its composition and the reason for its title. When he was at Ilaq near Balkh, he met Sharif al-Din Abu 'Abd Allah. Ibn Babawayh was delighted with Sharif al-Din Abu 'Abd Allah's discourses with him and his gentleness, kindness, dignity and interest in religion. Sharif al-Din Abu 'Abd Allah showed Ibn Babawayh a book compiled by Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi entitled Man la yahduruhu al-Tabib or "Every man his own doctor". Sharif al-Din Abu 'Abd Allah, then asked Ibn Babawayh to compile a similar work of reference on Fiqh, al-halal wa al-haram, and al-shara-i' wa-'l-ahkam.
Man la yahduruh al-faqih represents a synopsis of all the traditions that Ibn Babawayh had collected, while his prior works, for example, Kitab al-nikah and Kitab al-hajj are each a treatise on different aspect of furu'. Further, Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih was intended as a reference for the ordinary man in that the Isnads are not recorded. The isnads are the chain of authorities through which the traditions were received from the Prophet or one of the Imams. In the science of traditions, this providence is all important. A scholar would expect the isnads to be present for examination.
Ibn Babawayh said he wrote the synopsis:
"... because I found it appropriate to do so. I compiled the book without isnads so that the chains should not be too many and so that the book's advantages might be abundant. I did not have the usual intention of compilers to put forward everything which they narrate but my intention was to put forward those things by which I gave legal opinions and which I judged to be correct.

Contents

Ibn Babawayh not only records the traditions but also gives interpretation. For instance, in a summary of the various traditions of the pilgrimage, he gives a long outline of all the rituals which should be performed by the faithful, with very few traditions interrupting his description. The book is not arranged in kutub but in abwab.

Critiques

Man la yahduruhu al-faqih' has been the subject of many critiques. These include commentaries by Zain al-'Abidin al-'Alawi al-'Amili and Muhammad Taqi al-Majlisi al-Awwal.

Other works