ITT 465L Strategic Air Command Control System


The ITT 465L Strategic Air Command Control System was a Cold War "Big L" network of computer and communication systems for command and control of Strategic Air Command "combat aircraft, refueling tankers, ballistic missiles". International Telephone and Telegraph was the prime contractor for Project 465, and SACCS had "Cross Tell Links" between command posts at Offutt AFB, March AFB, & Barksdale AFB and Simplex Remote Communication Systems, SAC Network Control Office, "4-wire, Schedule 4,
Type 4B alternate voice-data operation", and one-way communication with "ICBM launch control centers" In addition to IBM for the "Super SAGE type computers", another of the 6 direct subcontractors was AT&T,

Background

began using the telephonic Army Command and Administrative Net in 1946 until switching to the 1949 USAF AIRCOMNET "command teletype network" SACE deployed a worldwide communications network in 1958 with a day-to-day telephone system, a teletype system, an SSB HF system, and the Primary Alert System--"a direct line telephone system between the SAC underground command post and all its subordinate command and control centers."
;1st IBM "Big L" system: In 1955 the Experimental SAGE Subsector was completed with a simplex IBM XD-1 prototype of the AN/FSQ-7 planned for the SAGE computer network, and IBM Federal Systems subsequently built dozens of vacuum tube computers for the AN/FSQ-8 and AN/FSQ-7 centrals of Support System 416L, the 1st "Big L" system. SAGE radar stations used AN/FST-2 sets for transferring data, and GATR sites and BOMARC Ground-to-Air Transmitter Facilities provided radio control for ground-controlled interception. An IBM AN/FSQ-32 transistorized SAGE central was announced in June 1958 and was to planned for in several NORAD nuclear bunkers, but the Super Combat Centers were cancelled in 196x. The transistorized central "was given to SDC to be used for the ARPA command-control R&D program", and the USAF "later took back from SDC to SAC HQ at Omaha" for the "ADEPT…status reporting system".
In 1956, CINCSAC determined SAC's leased teleprinter circuits and radio links were too slow, and SAC began using a computer in 1957. A SAC Liaison Team was located at the NORAD command post beginning 1 February 1958, and the 2 commands agreed direct land lines should connect SAC bases and Air Defense Direction Centers. After CONAD designated 3 "SAC Base Complexes" by 1956--Northwestern United States, Montana-through-North Dakota area, and the largest: a nearly-triangular "South Central Area" from Minnesota to New Mexico to Northern Florida—NORAD's Alert Network Number 1 became operational on July 1, 1958, with the 1957 SAC nuclear bunker as 1 of the network's 29 transmit/receive stations.

Development

On February 11, 1958, Headquarters USAF published General Operational Requirement or GOR 168 for SACCS and on April 1, HQ USAF changed the SACCS designator from Program 133L to 465L. SAC's QOR for the National Survivable Communications System was issued September 13, 1958, and in October 1959 the systems cost had increased from $139.7 million to $339.8 million in 12 months: the Office of the Secretary of Defense—with "doubts regarding the validity of the entire 465L concept"—cut the program by December 1. In September 1960 the "installation of a SAC display warning system" included 3 consoles in the Offutt bunker and on 7 December I960, the 465L Program was cut to ""a most austere approach" "In July 1961, the Department of Defense redirected SACCS 465L to a pre-strike system and established a separate post-attack command control system with air and ground elements.
by 1962, "SAC installations, inclusive of those overseas and of tenant bases, peaked at 85". "Project 465L, the SAC Control System over a million lines, reached four times the size of the SAGE code and consumed 1,400 man-years of programming; SDC invented a major computer language, JOVIAL, specifically for this project."
SACCS "was delivered to Strategic Air Command by the contractor in March 1965" and was designed to survive nuclear attack and to provide rapid transmission, processing, and display of information to support command and control of SAC's geographically separated forces. On January 1, 1968, the SACCS attained operational capability During construction of NORAD's nuclear bunker, SAC's 1963 plan for construction of a Deep Underground Command Center in Colorado beginning in 1965 was cancelled.
In 1968, "after SAC completed its tests during March, AFSC arranged for modification of the SAC terminals for use with LES-6" for satellite communications. A SACCS remote communications van completed on 12 July 1968 was shipped to Andersen AFB, Guam, e.g., for supporting the SACADVON

Gradual replacement

On October 6, 1975, SACCS officially integrated with the Worldwide Military Command and Control System when the original IBM 4020 Military Computers were replaced by Honeywell 6080 computers Offutt became part of the WWMCCS Intercomputer Network as one of "six initial WIN sites in 1977". A 1977 plan was for SACCS to be replaced by the ITT SAC Automated Total Information Network, "a totally new command and control system "

Replaced DTS

Instead of SATIN IV, a restructured plan deployed the Strategic Air Command Digital Information Network to replace SACCS "Data Transmission Subsystem and part of the Data Display Subsystem", e.g., on November 5, 1986, "Martin Marietta Corporation technicians began installing SAC Digital Network equipment in 91st Strategic Missile Wing missile launch control centers. On February 20, 1987, "SAC declared initial operational capability for the SAC Digital Network when operated successfully between the Headquarters SAC Command Center and the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing Command Post, both located at Offutt AFB, Nebraska, and the 351st Strategic Missile Wing Command Post at Whiteman AFB, Missouri." SACDIN eventually "linked 135 locations and permitted two-way message communications with ICBM launch control centers for the first time," and the Ground Wave Emergency Network communication system had a Final Environmental Impact Statement issued in September 1987.
On May 6, 1988, "software became operational on three Post Attack Command and Control aircraft making the common Airborne Launch Control Center fully capable of launching Peacekeeper and Minuteman missiles."

SAC Automated Command and Control System

In 1990 when the 465L System had been entirely replaced by the "SAC Auto Cmd/Ctl Sys" for several years, the SAC C2 system continued using that name as part of "USSTRATCOM Command and Control". By 1995, the "emergency war order communication systems consist of the primary alert system, SAC digital network, survivable low frequency communication system, Air Force satellite communications system, Super High Frequency Satellite Terminal and voice radio communication systems" The USSTRATCOM SACCS was redesignated Strategic Automated Command and Control System with the same acronym on tbd\ and by 2011, the Minimum Essential Emergency Communications Network was being modernized in the Nuclear Command and Control System. By February 2012, USSTRATCOM was using the Integrated Strategic Planning and Analysis Network, and the USSTRATCOM Replacement Facility Fit-Out was to "include secure HEMP-Shielded Command and Control Center, mainframe computer data centers, multiple 24/7 mission operations centers, storage and maintenance areas, labs/workrooms, back-up generators, Uninterruptible Power Source, Technical Control Facility, Fiber Ring, beginning in FY13."