The 801 was an experimental minicomputerdesigned by IBM. The resulting architecture was used in various roles in IBM into the 1980s. Around 1974, IBM were looking at the possibility of constructing a telephone switch to handle a million calls per hour; they estimated that this would require at least a 6 MIPS processor. The group working on this project at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center, including John Cocke, designed a processor for this purpose; the telephone switch project was abandoned in 1975 without the processor having been built, but the processor research continued as the 801 project, starting in October 1975. The name 801 comes from the building the project was housed in, number 801. IBM was looking for ways to improve performance of its existing machines, with project team members studying traces of programs running on System/370 mainframes and looking at the compiler code. From this project came the idea that it was possible to make a very small and very fast core, which could then be used to implement the microcode for any machine. The initial proposed architecture was a machine with 24-bit registers and without virtual memory. The project subsequently developed the "fast core" design as a CPU, also called the 801. The resulting CPU was operational by the summer of 1980 and was implemented using Motorola MECL-10K technology on large wire-wrapped custom boards. The CPU was clocked at 66 ns cycles and could compute at the then-fast speed of approximately 15 MIPS. The 801 architecture was used in a variety of IBM devices, including channel controllers for their S/370 mainframes, various networking devices, and eventually the IBM 9370 mainframe core itself. The original version of the 801 architecture was the basis for the architecture of the IBM ROMPmicroprocessor used in the IBM RT PCworkstation computer and several experimental computers from IBM Research. In the early 1980s the lessons learned on the 801 were put back into the new America Project, which led to the IBM POWER architecture and the RS/6000 deskside scientific microcomputer. For his work on the 801, John Cocke was awarded the Turing Award in 1987, National Medal of Technology in 1991, and the National Medal of Science in 1994.
