Hrusish languages
The Hrusish or Southeast Kamengic languages possibly constitute a Sino-Tibetan branch in Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India. They are Hruso and Miji. In Glottolog, Hammarström, et al. does not accept Hrusish, and considers similarities between Hruso and Miji to be due to loanwords.
Names
and Bodt & Lieberherr use the name Hrusish, while Anderson prefers Southeast Kamengic.Classification
Anderson considers Hrusish to be a branch of Tibeto-Burman. However, Blench and Post suggest that the Hruso languages likely constitute an independent language family.Bodt's & Lieberherr's internal classification of the Hrusish languages is as follows.
;Hrusish
- Hruso
- Miji-Bangru
- *Western Miji
- *Eastern Miji
- *Bangru
Comparative vocabulary
| Gloss | Bangru | Bangru | Miji | Hruso |
| sun | dʑu˥wai˥˧ | dʒu | dʒo ~ zuʔ; zo ~ ʒʲoʔ | dʒu ~ dʑu; dʲu |
| snow | də˧˩ɣai˥ | tene | dɨlen; təlɛn | tʰiɲɲo |
| ashes | laʔ˥bu˥˧ | lag-bow | maj-bu | xukʰes-pu |
| mother's brother | - | kiː-ni | a-kʰiw; akju | a-kʰi |
| son | mə˧˩dʑu˥ | mu-dʒu-ɲiːib | zu | sou ~ sa ~ seu |
| I | ȵoŋ˥ | ɲo | ɲaŋ | nɔ |
| we | ga˧˩ni˥ | k-aɲi | aɲi | ɲi |
| bear | si˥tsuaŋ˥ | sutʃow | ʃutsaŋ | sitso ~ sutso |
| insect | bə˧˩loŋ˥ | beloŋ-siɲi | biluʔŋ; bəɫuʔŋ; biluŋʰ | bəlu |
| nose | mə˧˩ȵi˧guaŋ˥˧ | mi-niː-ko | ɲi | un-su ~ nu-su |
| hand | mə˧˩gai˥ | me-gej | gi | əgzə |
| thumb | - | me-gej-nea | gi-nuiʔ; gi-batʃo | əgzə-i-aɲ |
| saliva, spit | - | je | ʒeʔ | ze-mdʑiu; əʒʲəxu ~ əɣʲəxu |
| sleep | dʑe˥ | zeu | dʒi | dʒum |
| dream | dai˥mu˧˩mu˥ | tjameiː | tajme | tʰimjeu |
| four | bu˧˩rai˥ | poraji | bli; ble | pʰiri; pʰiji |
| five | buŋ˥ | puŋ | bungu, buŋu | pʰum ~ pʰóm |
| six | rai˥˧ | reh | reʔ; reʔ ~ réʔ | rijɛ; ʑje |
| seven | muai˥˧ | moji | myaʔ, mjaʔ | mrjo; mrɔ |
| eight | sə˧˩cai˥˧ | sagaik | sɨgiʔ, sɨgeʔ; səguj | səgzə ~ sɨgdʒɨ ~ sɨɣdʒɨ |
| nine | sə˧˩təŋ˥ | sataŋ | sɨtʰɨn; stʰɨn; stən | stʰə; stʰɨ ~ stʰə |
| ten | rəŋ˥ | raŋ | lin; lən | ʁə; ʁɨ ~ ʁə |
| bow | - | karaik | gɨriʔ; gəri | kʰiri |
| dry | mə˧˩ci˥ | miː-kji | mɨ-kʰyang; məkjaŋ | kʰrou |
| mother | a˧˩nai˥˧ | aːneja | aɲʲi | aɲi; aɲ |
| red | ja˧˩dʑu˥˧ | ja-tʃuk | mu-tsu | tsu |
| stream | - | wu-dʒu | vu-zuʔ 'creek' | xu-sa |
| shoulder | mə˧˩pu˥zi˥ | m-podʒ | pas-tuŋ; pastoŋ | ə-pos-tu |
| finger | mə˧˩gai˥tsuo˥˧ | me-gej-tʃowa | gi-tsoʔ; məgitso | əgzi-tsə |
| pig | ʑəu˥˧ | dʒu | ʒo; ʒoʔ | vo |
| bird | pu˥dʑu˧˩ | pu-dʒu | buzu; bɨ-zɨ ~ b-zɨ ~ bə-zu ~ bə-zə; bə-zuʔ | mu-su |
| seed | - | mete | tʰei-zʰo; tẽ | isi; dʒʲe; ʃe-die |
Reconstruction
Proto-Hrusish has been reconstructed in by Bodt & Lieberherr. Bodt & Lieberherr note that Proto-Hrusish displays a sound change from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s- to t-, which they note had also occurred in Bodo-Garo, Kuki-Chin, Tangkhulic, Central Naga, and Karbi languages. The Proto-Tibeto-Burman *-l and -r have also been lost in Proto-Hrusish.Reconstructed Proto-Hrusish forms from Bodt & Lieberherr are given below.
- *nə-paŋ 'aconite'
- *si-ni 'ant'
- *pri 'awake'
- *bə-ru 'axe'
- *mə-niŋ 'bad'
- *bra 'bamboo '
- *o-prja 'bark '
- *sə-t͡saŋ 'bear'
- *majk 'bee'
- *mə-doʔ 'big '
- *bə-dow 'bird'
- *taʔ 'bite'
- *kam 'bitter'
- *jaC 'blood'
- *mə-muC 'body'
- *lu 'boil '
- *mə-ri-jaŋ 'bone'
- *gə-raj 'bow'
- *mə-nuŋ 'breast; milk'
- *sjaj 'broom'
- *su 'cane; rope'
- *dowC 'chicken'
- *mə-ga-daʔ 'chin'
- *gi-le 'cloth'
- *majməwŋ 'cloud'
- *ku 'cook'
- *su 'cow'
- *kraC 'cry'
- *taj 'cut'
- *ga 'day'
- *mə-ruk 'deep'
- *θəj 'die'
- *taC 'dig'
- *ni-t͡ɕi 'dirty'
- *ru 'do'
- *piŋ 'door'
- *tai-mə 'dream'
- *tuŋ 'drink'
- *t͡ɕa 'eat'
- *do-riŋ 'egg'
- *sə-giC 'eight'
- *ko 'elder brother'
- *mə-hi-laŋ 'empty'
- *t͡səj 'excrete, defecate'
- *mə-jaʔ 'eye'
- *mə-rəŋ 'far'
- *mə-baC 'fat '
- *ri 'fear'
- *mejʔ 'few'
- *rəj 'fight'
- *mə-guC-t͡ɕoʔ 'finger'
- *maj 'fire'
- *laC 'fireplace'
- *trV 'fish'
- *bə-ŋu 'five'
- *mə-boC 'flower'
- *mə-d͡ʑoC 'friend'
- *d͡ʑuC 'frog'
- *θai 'fruit'
- *bə-ləj 'four'
- *liŋ 'full'
- *kikmuŋ 'garlic, onion'
- *bəj 'give'
- *se-preN 'goat'
- *rajC 'grind, crush'
- *mə-luŋ 'guts'
- *go-pu 'hair'
- *mə-gaŋ-lo 'hard'
- *mə-guC 'hand, arm'
- *du 'have, exist'
- *mə-go-kuŋ 'head'
- *mə-luŋ-wəwC 'heart'
- *mə-ləj 'heavy'
- *mə-su 'horn'
- *nam 'house'
- *kə-na 'how many'
- *niC 'human'
- *bə-luŋ 'hundred'
- *noC 'ill'
- *bəw-luŋ 'insect'
- *suN 'iron'
- *gə-d͡ʑuk 'itch'
- *dəgraŋ 'kick'
- *gajC 'kill'
- *vaj-t͡suŋ 'knife'
- *ni 'know'
- *toC 'laugh'
- *mə-rajC 'leaf'
- *lə-wajC 'leech'
- *laj 'leg'
- *laŋ 'lift'
- *mə-lə-taŋ 'light'
- *t͡ɕi 'liquor'
- *rej 'listen, hear'
- *siŋ 'live, grow up'
- *mə-θin 'liver'
- *mə-pjaŋ 'long'
- *gaŋ 'look, see'
- *saC 'louse'
- *daj 'make; do'
- *niC 'man '
- *su 'meat'
- *lu 'month'
- *lu 'moon'
- *mə-nuŋ 'mouth; language'
- *lu-lV 'mortar'
- *me-naj 'mother'
- *mə-mjiŋ 'name'
- *mə-nej 'near'
- *ta- 'negative imperative'
- *mə-gə-nu 'new'
- *nə-gaC 'night'
- *sə-tiŋ 'nine'
- *mə-ɕoʔ 'old'
- *a-ken 'one'
- *an 'paddy rice'
- *bə-laC 'pestle'
- *jowʔ 'pig'
- *go-kuN 'pillow'
- *nə-dəj; *pro 'rain'
- *t͡ɕaʔ 'red'
- *gə-leC 'ring'
- *lam-baŋ 'road'
- *mə-kriŋ 'root'
- *mə-də-rəw 'round'
- *lu 'salt'
- *sə-gə-raj 'sand'
- *mə-θai 'seed'
- *laC 'sell'
- *mə-ljak 'seven'
- *kiC 'sew'
- *mə-nuŋ 'short'
- *mə-ma 'sister '
- *d͡ʑuC 'sit, stay'
- *reC 'six'
- *mə-prja 'skin'
- *nə-də-laŋ 'sky'
- *d͡ʑV 'sleep'
- *maj-kən 'smoke '
- *bəw 'snake'
- *dəren 'snow'
- *mə-lə-prjuC 'soft, smooth'
- *naʔ 'soil'
- *təwC 'speak'
- *d͡ʑuŋ 'spear'
- *məsu 'spicy'
- *jeʔ 'spittle'
- *gu 'stand'
- *lə-t͡ɕuŋ 'star'
- *kə 'steal'
- *t͡ɕuŋ 'storehouse, granary'
- *mə-gə-raŋ 'straight'
- *bə-nuŋ 'suck'
- *d͡ʑuʔ 'sun'
- *bə-ljaC 'swallow'
- *mə-jaŋ 'sweet'
- *liŋ 'swell'
- *wa ' field'
- *d͡ʑaC 'swim'
- *mə-lə-mrjaj 'tail'
- *ləw 'take'
- *t͡ɕaC 'tell'
- *rəŋ 'ten'
- *paj-t͡ɕi 'that'
- *pu-t͡ɕi 'that '
- *mə-lu 'thigh'
- *huŋ 'this'
- *gə-θəm 'three'
- *gə-d͡ʑuC 'thorn'
- *bə-laj 'tongue'
- *mə-taC 'tooth'
- *o-naj 'tree'
- *gə-niC 'two'
- *an-lə-giN 'uncooked rice'
- *pen 'vegetable'
- *mu 'vomit'
- *daj 'walk'
- *t͡ɕaC 'hot, warm'
- *wi 'water'
- *kua-suʔ 'waterfall'
- *traj 'weave'
- *tiŋ 'what'
- *kəʔ 'where'
- *mə-gə-raN 'white'
- *θu 'who'
- *low 'wind'
- *gə/mə-t͡ɕəwC 'wing'
- *d͡ʑVru 'with'
- *o 'wood'
- *nəməraj 'woman'
- *də-niŋ 'year'
- *də-gaC 'yesterday'
- *mə-nuŋ 'younger sibling'
- *na '1SG'
- *ni '2SG'
- *ʔi '3SG'
- *ka-ni '1PL'
- *d͡ʑV '2PL'
- *na '3PL'