Health care sharing ministry
Health care sharing ministries are organizations in the United States in which health care costs are shared among members who have common ethical or religious beliefs. A health care sharing ministry does not use actuaries, does not accept risk or make guarantees, and does not purchase reinsurance policies on behalf of its members.
Members of health care sharing ministries are exempt from the individual mandate requirement of the U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010. This means members of health care sharing ministries are not required to have insurance as outlined in the individual mandate.
Approximately 30 states have safe harbor laws that distinguish healthcare ministries from health insurance organizations. Some of the larger health care sharing ministries include Christian Healthcare Ministries, Medi-Share, a program of Christian Care Ministry, Samaritan Ministries, Liberty HealthShare, United Refuah HealthShare, MCS Medical Cost Sharing Altrua HealthShare, Freedom HealthShare, and Trinity HealthShare.
History
The idea behind health care cost sharing seems to date back at least a century. For many decades, "in Amish and Mennonite communities across the , people pooled their money to lighten the burden of debt for individuals during hard times." In the late 20th Century, this broadened out to larger communities by larger cost-sharing ministries within the Christian community.Most health care sharing ministries are oriented toward practicing Christians and aligned with ideals or principles found in the Christian Bible, primarily translated to mean that believers have a responsibility to assist in meeting each other's needs. Such ministries often cite a biblical verse in the book of Galatians, from the New Testament, as a mandate applicable to medical costs, specifically Verse 2 in Chapter 6, in which the Apostle Paul wrote “Bear one another’s burdens, and thus fulfill the law of Christ.” Some ministries view verses 44–45 in Chapter 2 of the Book of Acts, also from the New Testament, which states that early Christians "were together and had everything in common" and "gave to anyone as he had need," as the basis for their founding.
Other health cost-sharing organizations are more secular. For example, Sedera Health asks their members to "live a healthy lifestyle" but does not explicitly emphasize any religious obligations.
Several states have tried to block health care sharing ministries on the grounds that they are selling unauthorized insurance. For example, the State of Oklahoma contested Medi-Share in 2007 for marketing information that promoted the cost-sharing option as "insurance", but that issue was resolved when they changed their approach, and by 2010, Medi-Share was able to operate in Oklahoma once again. A majority of states, however, have enacted safe harbor laws specifying that the ministries are not insurance and do not need to be regulated as such. In addition, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services issues exemption letters to ministries that have met the criteria to operate independently of the Affordable Care Act.
In 2010, at the time the U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was passed, there were estimated to be about 100,000 people belonging to some type of medical bill-sharing ministry.
By 2014, it was estimated to be 160,000; and by 2018, that number in the US had grown to 1 million.
The future of health care sharing ministries after Obamacare's individual mandate repeal was unclear, but a work published by Harvard Law School suggested that many people may continue to use them, and they could even expand for people ineligible for healthcare subsidies.
Membership
According to Alliance of Health Care Sharing Ministries, a trade association of sharing ministries, over 1 million Americans participated in health care sharing, sharing more than $670 million in medical bills annually. A January 2015 op-ed in The New York Times stated that the four main healthcare ministries in the US have a total combined membership of about 340,000, that membership has grown significantly because of the healthcare ministries' exemption to the insurance mandate of the Affordable Care Act, and that monthly cost of membership in a health care sharing ministry is generally lower than the cost of insurance rates. The Seattle Times also reported that membership has grown significantly in recent years.Most health sharing ministries tend to have restrictions such as abstaining from extramarital sex, excessive drinking, and use of tobacco or illegal drugs. They usually require members to be in good health and make a statement of belief, as well. For instance, Samaritan Ministries requires a statement of Christian faith including belief in the true God and divinity of Jesus; Liberty HealthShare and Freedom HealthShare are more inclusive, accepting members with a wide variety of religious and ethical beliefs.
is the first and only Jewish healthcare sharing organization.
All such ministries require that members subscribe to the principles of individual responsibility for their own health and of helping others in need.
Requirements under the Affordable Care Act
In order for members to be exempt from the tax penalties outlined in the Affordable Care Act, ministries must meet the following qualifications:- Must be a 501 organization
- Members must share common ethical or religious beliefs
- Must not discriminate membership based on state of residence or employment
- Members cannot lose membership due to development of a medical condition
- Must have existed and been in practice continually since December 31, 1999
- Must be subject to an annual audit by an independent CPA which must be publicly available upon request
Freedom HealthShare claims to meet all of the qualifications above and claims that its members are now exempt from the Personal Penalty.
MCS Medical Cost Sharing, founded after 1999, does not meet the qualifications, but offers to pay the tax penalties incurred by members.
Altrua HealthShare has also been recognized as an qualifying health care sharing ministry, due to its merger with Blessed Assurance Bulletin.
Anabaptist Healthshare is recognized as a health care sharing ministry by the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
In 2017 entered the scene. They are the first and only Jewish healthcare sharing organization and claims to be recognized as a healthcare sharing organization by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services as well.
In 2017 Freedom HealthShare was created to enhance health sharing with advanced technology. It is a recognized 501c3 charitable organization.