Haplogroup O-M176


Haplogroup O-M176 or O1b2 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is best known for its part in the settlement of Korea and Japan. It is a descendant of Haplogroup O-P31, and it has been estimated to share a most recent common ancestor with its nearest outgroup, Haplogroup O-K18, approximately 28,000 years before present.

Distribution

Haplogroup O-M176 is found mainly in the northernmost parts of East Asia, from the Uriankhai and Zakhchin peoples of western Mongolia to the Japanese of Japan, though it also has been detected sporadically in the Buryats. It's been detected with moderate frequencies in Udegeys of southern Siberia, rarely among populations of Southeast Asia including Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam, and Micronesians. This haplogroup is found with its highest frequency and diversity values among modern populations of Japan and Korea and is rare in most populations in China. Among Han Chinese, it has been detected in some samples of Han Chinese from Beijing, Xi'an, one Han Chinese in Henan, Han Chinese in Taiwan, Han Chinese from East China sampled from the infertility clinic at the Affiliated Hospitals of Nanjing Medical University at Jiangsu, Wuhan, and South China outside of Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, and Shanghai. Among ethnic minorities in China, haplogroup O-M176 has been detected with high frequency in samples of Koreans in China and with generally much lower frequency among Manchus, Hezhe people, Daurs, Evenks, Sibes, Kham Tibetans, and Hui.
:ja:崎谷満|Mitsuru Sakitani suggests that haplogroup O1b2, which is common in today Koreans, Japanese and some Manchu, are one of the carriers of Yangtze civilization. As the Yangtze civilization declined several tribes crossed westward and northerly, to the Shandong peninsula, the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelago. Another study calls the haplogroup O1b1 as the major Austroasiatic paternal lineage and the haplogroup O1b2 as the "para-Austroasiatic" paternal lineage.

Subclade distribution

Paragroup O-M176*

Y-DNA that belongs to O-M176 has been found in an individual from Hiroshima, an individual from Fukushima, an individual from Beijing, and 1% of a sample of males collected in Seoul and Daejeon.
O-M176 has been found in approximately 3.5% to 9.9% of Japanese males. However, most of those individuals probably belong to subclades of O-K10.

O-K10

The majority of extant members of O-M176 belong to the subclade O-K10. O-K10 subsumes the prolific subclades O-47z, which occurs with especially high frequency in Japan, and O-L682, which occurs with especially high frequency in Korea, in addition to a relatively rare subclade, O-K3, which has been found among Han Chinese in Hunan, Jiangxi, and Henan. O-L682 and O-K3 are linked by 18 SNPs that define the O-K4 clade, and thus their members are more closely related to one another by paternal lineage than any of them is related to any member of O-47z.
An example of Y-DNA that belongs to O-K10 but neither O-47z nor O-K4 has been found in an individual in Tokyo, Japan. This individual's Y-DNA is estimated to share a most recent common ancestor with O-47z and O-K4 roughly around the same time as the most recent common ancestor of those latter two clades, about 7,200 ybp.
O-F3356 has been found in 2% of a sample of Koreans collected in Seoul and Daejeon, South Korea. However, the status of these individuals' Y-DNA in regard to K4, K3, and phylogenetically equivalent SNPs has not been published.

O-47z

O-47z or O-CTS11986 is a subclade of O-K10. It is found with high frequency among the Japanese and Ryukyuan populations of Japan, and with lower frequency among Koreans.
Haplogroup O-47z has been detected in approximately 24% of males who speak a Japonic language, while it has not been found at all among Ainu males whose Y-DNA has been tested in two genetic studies. Based on the STR haplotype diversity within Haplogroup O-47z, it has been estimated in a study published in 2006 that this haplogroup has expanded from a single founder who has lived approximately 3,810 years before present in a model according to which continuous, pure exponential population growth is assumed. In a paper published in 2016, the time to most recent common ancestor of a set of fifteen members of the O-47z clade, all from the JPT sample of the 1000 Genomes Project, was estimated to be 4,500 years using a relatively slow mutation rate or 3,900 years using a relatively fast mutation rate. Haplogroup O-47z also has been found among samples of modern Koreans, though with low frequency in comparison to both the frequency of O-47z in samples of Japanese and the frequency of O-M176 in samples of Koreans.

O-K4

O-K4 is a subclade of O-K10. It includes at least two subclades, O-L682 and O-K3, which have been estimated to share a most recent common ancestor approximately 6,100 years before present.
O-K3
The O-K3 lineage is a subclade of O-K4 that has been observed to date in three individuals from Hunan, one individual from Jiangxi, and one individual from Henan.
O-L682
The O-L682 subclade of O-K4 is believed to be related to Native Korean population. One study has found O-L682 Y-DNA in 19% of Koreans sampled in Seoul and Daejeon. O-L682 also has been found in Japanese in Tokyo, Okayama, Kōchi, and the US, Chinese in Shanxi, Shandong, and Beijing, and Nanai people in China. Its descendants appear to have begun rapidly increasing in number at approximately the same time as those of its distant cousin O-47z, perhaps 4,000 years ago.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium. They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
YCC 2002/2008 ''''''YCC 2002 YCC 2005 YCC 2008 YCC 2010r ISOGG 2006ISOGG 2007ISOGG 2008ISOGG 2009ISOGG 2010ISOGG 2011ISOGG 2012
O-M17526VII1U28Eu16H9IO*OOOOOOOOOO
O-M11926VII1U32Eu16H9HO1*O1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1a
O-M10126VII1U32Eu16H9HO1aO1a1O1a1aO1a1aO1a1O1a1O1a1aO1a1aO1a1aO1a1aO1a1a
O-M5026VII1U32Eu16H10HO1bO1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2
O-P3126VII1U33Eu16H5IO2*O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
O-M9526VII1U34Eu16H11GO2a*O2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2a1O2a1
O-M8826VII1U34Eu16H12GO2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1aO2a1a
O-SRY46520VII1U35Eu16H5IO2b*O2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2b
O-47z5VII1U26Eu16H5IO2b1O2b1aO2b1O2b1O2b1aO2b1aO2b1O2b1O2b1O2b1O2b1
O-M12226VII1U29Eu16H6LO3*O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3
O-M12126VII1U29Eu16H6LO3aO3aO3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1aO3a1a
O-M16426VII1U29Eu16H6LO3bO3bO3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a1bO3a1b
O-M15913VII1U31Eu16H6LO3cO3cO3a3aO3a3aO3a3O3a3O3a3aO3a3aO3a3aO3a3aO3a3a
O-M726VII1U29Eu16H7LO3d*O3cO3a3bO3a3bO3a4O3a4O3a3bO3a3bO3a3bO3a2bO3a2b
O-M11326VII1U29Eu16H7LO3d1O3c1O3a3b1O3a3b1-O3a4aO3a3b1O3a3b1O3a3b1O3a2b1O3a2b1
O-M13426VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e*O3dO3a3cO3a3cO3a5O3a5O3a3cO3a3cO3a3cO3a2c1O3a2c1
O-M11726VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e1*O3d1O3a3c1O3a3c1O3a5aO3a5aO3a3c1O3a3c1O3a3c1O3a2c1aO3a2c1a
O-M16226VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e1aO3d1aO3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a5a1O3a5a1O3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a2c1a1O3a2c1a1

Original research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

Phylogenetic trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.

Genetics

Y-DNA O subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

Footnotes

Works cited

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