Haplogroup M-P256
Haplogroup M, also known as M-P256 and Haplogroup K2b1b is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. M-P256 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup K2b1, and is believed to have first appeared between 32,000 and 47,000 years ago.
M-P256 is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome haplogroup in West Papua and western Papua New Guinea. It is also found in neighbouring parts of Melanesia, Indonesia and among indigenous Australians.
It and Haplogroup S are the only primary subclades of K2b1, also known as haplogroup MS.
Phylogenetic structure
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based primarily on the trees published by ISOGG in 2016 and YCC in 2008.- M*
- * M1
- ** M1a
- *** M1a1
- *** M1a2
- ** M1b
- *** M1b1
- **** M1b1a
- **** M1b1b
- * M2
- ** M2a
- * M3
Distribution
M* (M-P256*)
The paragroup M-P256* is found at low incidences in New Guinea and Flores.M1 (M-M4)
Found frequently in New Guinea and Melanesia, with a moderate distribution in neighboring parts of Indonesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.- Una 100%
- Ketengban 100%
- Awyu 100%
- Citak 86%
- Asmat 75%
- West Papua
- *lowlands/coast 77.5%
- *highlands 74.5%
- Kombai/Korowai 46%
- Papua New Guinea
- * coast 29%
- * highlands 35.5%
- Tolai 31%
- Trobriand Islands 30%
- Maluku 21%
- Torres Strait Islanders : up to 2.0% – i.e. 0.9% of samples, when 45% of the total were deemed to be "non-indigenous".
| Old names | M-M4 |
| Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 | 24 |
| Underhill 2000 | VIII |
| Hammer 2001 | 1U |
| Karafet 2001 | 37 |
| Semino 2000 | Eu16 |
| Su 1999 | H17 |
| Capelli 2001 | E |
| YCC 2002 | M* |
| YCC 2005 | M |
| YCC 2008 | M1 |
| YCC 2010r | M1 |
M1a (M-P34)
M1a is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in Western New Guinea. It is also found with moderate frequency in neighboring parts of Indonesia and throughout Papua New Guinea, including offshore islands.| Old names | M-P34 |
| Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 | 24 |
| Underhill 2000 | VIII |
| Hammer 2001 | 1U |
| Karafet 2001 | 37 |
| Semino 2000 | Eu16 |
| Su 1999 | H17 |
| Capelli 2001 | E |
| YCC 2002 | M1 |
| YCC 2005 | M1 |
| YCC 2008 | M1a |
| YCC 2010r | M1a |
M1b (M-P87)
M1b M-P87 has been found in approximately 18% of a pool of samples from New Ireland, approximately 12% of a sample of Lavongai from New Hanover, approximately 5% of a pool of samples from New Britain, in one Saposa individual from northern Bougainville, and in another individual from the north coast of Papua New Guinea.The subclade M1b1 is found frequently in populations of the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville Island, with a moderate distribution in New Guinea, Fiji, Tonga, East Futuna, and Samoa..
| Old names | M-P22 |
| Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 | 24 |
| Underhill 2000 | VIII |
| Hammer 2001 | 1U |
| Karafet 2001 | 38 |
| Semino 2000 | Eu16 |
| Su 1999 | H17 |
| Capelli 2001 | E |
| YCC 2002 | M2* |
| YCC 2005 | M2a |
| YCC 2008 | M1b1 |
| YCC 2010r | M1b1 |
M2 (M-M353)
Found at a low frequency in Fiji and East Futuna.The subclade M2a is found in one Nasioi individual from the eastern coast of Bougainville and in one individual from Malaita Province of the Solomon Islands.
Historic names for M-SRY9138 from peer reviewed literature.
| Old names | K-SRY9138/M-SRY9138 AKA M-M177 |
| Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 | 23 |
| Underhill 2000 | VIII |
| Hammer 2001 | 1E |
| Karafet 2001 | 25 |
| Semino 2000 | Eu16 |
| Su 1999 | H5 |
| Capelli 2001 | F |
| YCC 2002 | K1 |
| YCC 2005 | K1 |
| YCC 2008 | M2a |
| YCC 2010r | M2a |
M3 (M-P117)
M3 is found frequently in populations of New Britain, and also observed occasionally in northern Bougainville, Fiji, and East Futuna.Previous phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium. They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.| YCC 2002/2008 | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' | YCC 2002 | YCC 2005 | YCC 2008 | YCC 2010r | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 | |
| M4 | 24 | VIII | 1U | 37 | Eu16 | H17 | E | M* | M | M1 | M1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| M-P34 | 24 | VIII | 1U | 37 | Eu16 | H17 | E | M1 | M1 | M1a | M1a | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| M-P22/M-M104 | 24 | VIII | 1U | 38 | Eu16 | H17 | E | M2* | M2a | M1b1 | M1b1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| M-M16 | 24 | VIII | 1U | 39 | Eu16 | H17 | E | M2a | M2a1 | M1b1a | M1b1a | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| M-M83 | 24 | VIII | 1U | 38 | Eu16 | H17 | E | M2b | M2a2 | M1b1b | M1b1b | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| K-SRY9138/M-SRY9138 | 23 | VIII | 1E | 25 | Eu16 | H5 | F | K1 | K1 | M2a | M2a | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
;Sources
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Karafet's 2008 paper introduced a number of changes, compared to the previous . Before the discovery of the P256 marker, the current subgroup M-M4 previously represented the whole of Haplogroup M-P256; and subgroups M2 and M3 were formerly classed as subgroups K1 and K7 of the parent Haplogroup K.