Hadaf Educational Group was a pioneering private educational complex founded in Tehran in 1949-50 by Ahmad Birashk and a number of well-known high schoolteachers of mathematics and natural sciences, including Ahmad Anwari, Taqi Hurfar, Ali Motemadden and Ahmad Reza qoli-zada. Hadaf was also an acronym for honar, danesh, and farhang. The main objective of the Group was to offer high qualityeducation from elementary to high school, comparable to that of American preparatory schools. Hadaf's first boys high school was established in 1951. In 1955 three new schools were added: a girls high school, a boys elementary school and another elementary school for girls. By 1974 Hadaf schools were expanded to 12 elementary, intermediary, and high schools for boys and girls, including a coed primary school with a total of 3,524 students. In 1974, when the government initiated national mandatory free education for all students from primary to the end of intermediary grades, three elementary and four intermediary schools of the Hadaf Group were transferred to the public school system. From 1951-76 a total of 15,588 students had graduated from Hadaf high schools: 8,596 in mathematics branch, 6,960 in natural sciences, and only 32 in humanities. The overwhelming majority of Hadaf graduates continued their higher education either in leading Persian universities or in American and European institutions of higher education. Hadaf high schools were equipped with libraries and labs for physics, chemistry, and biology as well as workshops for photography, painting, calligraphy, carpentry, mechanics, auto mechanics, and ironsmith works. The first Hadaf high school also hosted a natural science museum. The success of the Hadaf Group encouraged the formation of two other educational complexes in the 1950s, Goruh-e Farhangi-e Kharazmi and Goruh-e Farhangi-e Azar. In 1959, the Hadaf Group initiated the formation of the Association of Private Prep Schoolsconsisting of the above educational complexes along with 12 private schools aimed at promoting their common goals. In 1970 the Hadaf, Adar, and Kharazmi educational groups formed a teacher training program for the new intermediary schools, which were introduced into the educational system in 1971. That same year Hadaf also initiated, with the cooperation of the Adar and Kharazmi groups, in the formation of two well equipped vocational centers, to offer introductory vocational courses with 12 workshops in each unit. Hadaf Group was formed as a joint stock enterprise with a starting capital of 350,000 rials in 1950, of which 270,000 was provided from the revenues of evening courses offered from 1948–50 and the remaining was given by the founders and other shareholders. Although the property of the Hadaf Group belonged to the shareholders, annual revenues were often invested for the establishment of new schools, construction of new buildings, and expansion of labs and libraries. In 1979, when the group's activities were terminated and the government confiscated the complex, the group owed 88 mil. rials to the banks, but possessed over 15,000 square meters of real estate land and over 20,000 square meters of educational space at its disposal.
