Gustaf Kossinna


Gustaf Kossinna was a German philologist and archaeologist who was Professor of German Archaeology at the University of Berlin.
Along with Carl Schuchhardt he was the most influential German prehistorian of his day, and was creator of the techniques of settlement archaeology. His nationalistic theories about the origins of the Germanic peoples and Indo-Europeans influenced aspects of Nazi ideology. For this reason, Kossinna has often been referred to as the evil mastermind who built the ideological foundations for Nazism. Though politically discredited after World War II, Kossinna's methodological approach has greatly influenced archaeology up to the present day.
In the years following World War II, Kossinna's theories of settlement archaeology were widely dismissed as pseudoscience. In June 2015, two ground-breaking archaeogenetic studies appeared to confirm certain key aspects of Kossinna's theories on settlement archaeology and Indo-European migrations, in what has been referred to as Kossinna's Smile. The apparent validation of Kossinna's theories at the expense of post-World War II theories have sparked intense controversy and anxiety in the archaeological community.

Life

Kossinna was a Germanized Mazur. He was born in Tilsit, East Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia. His father was a teacher at the secondary-school level. Kossinna attended the :de:Königliche Litthauische Provinzialschule|Königliche Litthauische Provinzialschule in Tilsit. As a child he learned Latin and piano.
As a university student he matriculated at a number of universities, studying classical and then Germanic philology in the universities of Göttingen, Leipzig, Berlin and Strasbourg. He also studied German history, local history and art history. Kossinna was influenced greatly by Karl Müllenhoff, who encouraged him to research the origins of Indo-European and Germanic culture. He also came under the influence of :de:Otto Tischler|Otto Tischler and Friedrich Ratzel.
Kossinna obtained his doctorate at Strasbourg in 1887 in the subject of the early records of the high-Frankish language. From 1888 to 1892 he worked as a librarian. During this time Kossinna read widely and published a number of scientific papers on the ancient history of Germany. In 1896 his ideas were expressed in his lecture "The Pre-Historical Origins of the Teutons in Germany".
In 1902, Kossinna was appointed Professor of German Archaeology at the University of Berlin. This position was exclusively created for him. While in this capacity, Kossinna began the work of systematically building up the university institute in view of improving its study and teaching of prehistoric archaeology.
Throughout his career, Kossinna published many books on the origins of the Germanic peoples, founding the "German Prehistory Society" to promote interest and research in the subject. He became the most famous archaeologist in the German-speaking world, and was notable for his use of archaeology to promote claims for an expanded German nation. Notably, Kossinna only conducted one excavation during his career, in 1915. The bulk of his work relied on evidence from the reports of colleagues and museum artifacts.

Ideas

By 1895, Kossinna had developed theory that a regionally delimited ethnicity can be defined by the material culture excavated from a site. He wrote, "Sharply defined archaeological cultural areas correspond unquestionably with the areas of particular people or tribes". The statement is known as "Kossinna's law" and forms the basis of his "settlement-archaeology" method. Unlike modern settlement archaeology, which refers only to individual settlements or patterns of settlement, Kossinna meant to emphasise, in Arvidsson's words, that "a unified set of archaeological artifacts, a 'culture', was the sign of a unified ethnicity."
Kossinna's ideas have been connected to the claim that Germanic peoples constitute a national identity with a historic right to the lands they once occupied, providing an excuse for later Nazi annexations of lands in Poland and Czechoslovakia. For example, in his article "The German Ostmark, Home Territory of the Germans", Kossinna argued that Poland should be a part of the German empire. According to him, lands where artifacts had been found that he considered to be Germanic were part of ancient Germanic territory.
In 1902, Kossinna identified the Proto-Indo-Europeans with the Corded Ware culture, an argument that gained in currency over the following two decades. According to :sv:Stefan Arvidsson|Stefan Arvidsson, Kossinna placed the Proto-Indo-European homeland in Schleswig-Holstein. In studying the prehistory of the Germanic peoples and ancient Indo-Europeans, Kossinna saw the key to the unwritten prehistory of Europe.
Kossinna emphasised a diffusionist model of culture, according to which cultural evolution occurred by a "process whereby influences, ideas and models were passed on by more advanced peoples to the less advanced with which they came into contact." He emphasised that such superiority was racial in character. Kossinna’s theories aimed to present a history of the Germanic peoples superior to that of the Roman Empire. He considered the Romans and the French as destroyers of culture as compared to the Germanic peoples. One of his best-known books was Die Deutsche Vorgeschichte - Eine Hervorragend Nationale Wissenschaft. It was dedicated "To the German people, as a building block in the reconstruction of the externally as well as internally disintegrated fatherland."

Legacy

Following his death, his followers held high-profile positions under the Nazi regime, including Hans Reinerth, who held Kossinna's former chair at the University of Berlin between 1934 and 1945, and his views were incorporated into the curriculum in German schools.
Kossin'as ideas have been heavily criticised partly because of the political use to which they were put, but also because of inherent ambiguities in the method. Problems with Kossinna's theories have been summarized by :de:Hans Jürgen Eggers|Hans Jürgen Eggers.
Despite justified criticism of the method and its application by Kossinna, the central technique was not unique to him, but it has also developed elsewhere in Europe and the US. Kossinna occupies a key role in the emergence of prehistory as an academic discipline. His methods influenced those of V. Gordon Childe, whose associates dominated the field of archaeology for decades after World War II.
In the years following World War II, particularly in the 1960s and 1970s, there was a counterreaction against Kossinna's theories of settlement archaeology, and the role of migration in archaeological history was generally denied. In June 2015 however, archaeogeneticists uncovered, in two groundbreaking studies, that the spread of the Indo-European languages in Europe was indeed accompanied by mass migrations and population replacements associated with the Corded Ware culture. These results shocked the scientific community and generated a considerable amount of controversy and anxiety, as they seem to validate Kossinna's theories. The apparent validation of the once outdated theories of Kossina has been referred to as Kossinna's Smile. Archaeogeneticist David Reich, who worked on a study related to the Corded Ware culture, experienced being shunned by colleagues after publishing his results, and was only able to win them back after publishing an essay presenting his research as contradicting Kossinna. Reich noted that while Kossinna suggested a Northern European origin of the Indo-Europeans, his research rather suggested an origin on the Pontic-Caspian steppe.

Selected works