Great Officers of the Crown of France


The Great Officers of the Crown of France were the most important s of state in the French royal court during the Ancien Régime and Bourbon Restoration. They were appointed by the King of France, with all but the Keeper of the Seals being appointments for life. These positions were not transmissible nor hereditary.
During the time of the First French Empire, the equivalent officers were known as the Grand Dignitaries of the French Empire. The Great Officers of the Crown of France should not be confused with the similarly named Great Officers of the Royal Household of France, which share certain officers, headed by the Grand Master of France.

History

In 1224, Louis VIII legislated that the Great Officers participate, alongside the peers of France, in trials of members of the peers.
The military titles, such as Marshal of France, Grand Master of Artillery, and Colonel General, were offices granted to individuals and not military ranks.

Great Officers of the Crown

In the hierarchical order established by Henry III in 1582, the Great Officers of the Crown of France were:
  1. Constable of France, the First Officer of the Crown and highest commander of the French army, until the position was suppressed in 1626.
  2. Lord Chancellor of France, ran the judicial system. The chancellor was assisted in his tasks by the Keeper of the Seals.
  3. Grand Master of France, similar to the title of High Steward, was head of the King's Household.
  4. Grand Chamberlain of France, in charge of the king's chamber, with additional duties.
  5. Admiral of France, highest commander of the French Navy.
  6. Marshal of France was a dignity bestowed only on to generals for exceptional achievements. The office alternated between being junior to and then senior to the Constable of France; after the suppression of the Constable, the Marshal of France became the de facto head of the army. The title Marshal General of the Camps and Armies of the King, more commonly referred to as the Marshal General of France, was created superior to the Marshal of France to signify that the recipient had authority over all the French armies in the days when a Marshal of France governed only one army. This greater dignity was bestowed only on Marshals of France, usually when the dignity of Constable of France was unavailable or, after 1626, suppressed.
  7. Grand Squire of France, similar to the title Master of the Horse, in charge of the king's stables.
  8. Grand Master of Artillery was created a Great Office in 1601 by Henry IV, but later suppressed by Louis XV in 1755.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Secretaries of State were also included with the Great Offices:
In addition to the aforementioned Great Officers of the Crown there were several positions of importance that have been considered de facto Great Officers by scholars, and other offices that were created to carry out specific functions of the Great Officers whose list of responsibilities became too cumbersome to perform alone and those offices that acted as direct subordinates to the Great Officers.
The 17th century genealogist Père Anselme also included the following as Great Officers:
The following offices from the Medieval court are generally considered a posteriori Great Offices, even though the expression, as such, did not exist at the time: