Gettysburg National Cemetery


Gettysburg National Cemetery is a United States national cemetery created for Union/Federal casualties of the July 1 to 3, 1863 Battle of Gettysburg in the American Civil War. It is located just outside Gettysburg Borough to the south, in Adams County, Pennsylvania. The land was part of the Gettysburg Battlefield, and the cemetery is within Gettysburg National Military Park administered by the National Park Service of the United States Department of the Interior.
Originally called Soldiers' National Cemetery, U.S. 16th President Abraham Lincoln, delivered his Gettysburg Address at the cemetery's consecration, November 19, 1863. That day is observed annually at the cemetery and in the town as
"Remembrance Day" with a parade/procession and memorial ceremonies by thousands of Civil War reenactor troops, both Union Army/United States Army and Confederate States Army and descendants heritage organizations led by the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War and the Sons of Confederate Veterans.
The cemetery contains 3,512 interments from the Civil War, including the graves of 979 unknowns. It also has sections for veterans of the Spanish–American War, World War I, and other wars, along with graves of the veterans' spouses and children. The total number of interments exceeds 6,000.
Battlefield monuments, memorials, and markers are scattered throughout the cemetery, and its stone walls, iron fences and gates, burial and section markers, and brick sidewalk are listed as contributing structures within Gettysburg Battlefield Historic District.

Description

The centerpiece of Gettysburg National Cemetery is Soldiers' National Monument, a 60-foot-tall granite monument designed by sculptor Randolph Rogers and architect George Keller. It is surrounded by concentric semicircles of graves, divided into 18 sections for Union states, a section for United States Regulars, and 3 sections for unknown soldiers.
Battlefield monuments within Gettysburg National Cemetery include those of the 1st United States Artillery Battery H, the 2nd Maine Battery, the 1st Massachusetts Battery, the 1st Minnesota Infantry, the 1st New Hampshire Light Battery, the 5th New York Independent Light Artillery, the 136th New York Volunteer Infantry, the 1st Ohio Battery H, the 55th Ohio Infantry, the 73rd Ohio Infantry, and the 75th Pennsylvania Infantry; and markers for the 1st Ohio Battery I and the 3rd Volunteer Brigade Artillery Reserve. Other monuments include the New York State Monument, the Kentucky State Monument, the Lincoln Address Monument, the Friend to Friend Masonic Memorial, the Major-General John F. Reynolds Statue, and the Major-General Charles Collis Memorial.

History

Reinterments

Union remains were transferred from the Gettysburg Battlefield burial plots as well as local church cemeteries, :Category:Gettysburg Battlefield|field hospital burial sites, the "USA General Hospital, York, Pa." and the Valley of Death where unburied soldiers decomposed in place., as "Superintendent of the exhuming of the bodies", personally observed the contractor's workers opening graves, placing remains in coffins, and burying them in the cemetery, and at least 1 reinterment was from the neighboring Evergreen Cemetery.

Consecration

Chronology

DateEvent
1863-07-01Union artillery in the summit's cornfield at the subsequent cemetery site counterfired on Confederates west of Gettysburg at the seminary and railway cut. On July 2, Confederate sharpshooters in Gettysburg were "picking off" Federals on the hill.
8,900 dead soldiers were on the battlefield, and townspeople and farmers buried some of them at battlefield sites.
1863-07-07The local Provost Marshal solicited "Men, Horses, and Wagons…to bury the dead" in various Gettysburg Battlefield plots.
1863-07-10The last "Rebel dead" were interred on the battlefield.
Battlefield land preservation began by August 5 with attorney David McConaughy's purchases including "the heights of Cemetery Hill" which he planned for a soldiers' cemetery where lots could be purchased for reinterring soldiers.
1863-07-20 who was deployed from Gettysburg in a combat unit, began weekly newspaper ads for "removals into Ever Green Cemetery".
1863-07-24David Wills, a Gettysburg attorney, recommended a state-funded cemetery at the south slope of East Cemetery Hill "on the Baltimore turnpike, opposite the Cemetery"—the open, sloped tract of was sold by Peter Thorn in 1899.
1863-07-28State funds regarding "Pennsylvanians killed ' furnishing transportation for the body and one attendant" to home cemeteries
1863-08-14Wills, after being designated Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Curtin's agent, purchased McConaughy's summit tract and a day or so later a 2nd tract "between Evergreen and the five-acre tract of Miller's apple orchard" totalling for $2,475.87 .
1863-08-21Wills had contacted William Saunders about designing the cemetery.
1863The reinterment contract was issued and required wooden boards nailed to the head of the coffins to protrude from the ground for displaying identities.
1863-10-17† In a former cornfield of the battle, the 1st reinterments were from the 1804 "United Presbyterian Burying Ground". The "Associate Reformed Graveyard" closed in 1899
1863-11-16۩ A flagpole was erected "near the stand prepared for the world-renowned Orator, Hon. Edward Everett". The "platform" was "on the spot where the monument is to be built…"fronting away from the cemetery vast audience".
1863-11Joseph Becker sketched the flagpole, the "grand stand", and East Cemetery Hill graves.
1863-11-19¶ President Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address after the :wikisource:Gettysburg Oration|Everett oration at the Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg.
1863-11-24† 1188 remains, including 582 unknown, "had already been interred in the Cemetery".
1863-12-07Wills advertised for farmers to report graves on their property.
1863-12-17The Board of Commissioners of the Soldiers' National Cemetery at Gettysburg was organized at Harrisburg and incorporated on March 25, 1864.
1864-02-03Michigan appropriated the first payment from a state for the cemetery. By the federal turnover in 1872, 18 states had contributed $129,523.24.
The "city of Boston" exhumed 158 soldiers' remains for reinterment in Massachusetts.
1864-03-19† Samuel Weaver reported 3,512 total Union bodies "taken up and removed to the Soldiers' National Cemetery" October 27-March 18.
1864-03-21† Wills identified the cemetery had 3,564 total burials, including those buried directly in the cemetery
1864-12† 37 more bodies had been located and reinterred, the stone walls had been completed, and the "main avenue" was "ready for macadamizing".
1865Wills had iron fencing erected between the Soldiers' and Evergreen cemeteries contrary to the condistion when Pennsylvania purchased McConaughy's tract.
1865-03-06۩ The cemetery's 3 stone walls and the brick "gate house" were complete, and the gate was ready to be erected.
1865-05§ Daniel K. Snyder was appointed the cemetery superintendent, and was replaced in November by Sgt John McAllister.
1865۩ The wooden marker boards for each grave were replaced with gravestones.
† A Union soldier buried July 5, 1863, at South Mountain's Monterey toll house was reinterred at the cemetery.
1865-07-04۩ The "Exercises Incidental to the Laying of the Corner Stone" for the Soldiers' National Monument were conducted after designs had been requested in 1864.
1867-06-19To plan the transfer to the federal government, the "Board of Managers" appointed a committee.
1867-06-20The Committee of Arrangement of the Board of Commissioners of the National Cemetery met Governor Geary, who with General Grant visited the cemetery.
1867۩ The marble urn in the National Cemetery was dedicated to the 1st Minnesota Infantry.
1869-07-01۩ The Soldiers' National Monument was dedicated after the crowning statue of the Genius of Liberty had arrived in October 1868. On August 26, the "Plenty" statue was added to the monument, and the "Peace" statue was added between August 30, 1869, and September 21, 1887.
۩ The 2nd floor of the stone "gatehouse" was expanded with a Mansard roof.
1870-07-14"A Resolution Authorizing the Secretary of War to take charge of the Gettysburg and Antietam National Cemeteries" passed.
1871-07-22The commissioners met ""to close up the business of the Board preparatory to its transfer to the National Government".
1872-05-01Pennsylvania ceded the cemetery to the Department of War
1872-08§ Charles Stambaugh became the superintendent until July 1873.
1872-08-31۩ :File:JFReynolds GB3.jpg|The Reynolds statue cast from bronze cannon tubes was erected on a dark Quincy granite pedestal.
1878-10۩ 50 new iron settees were placed in the cemetery.
1879-05۩ The 1st rostrum of was being completed by P. J. and J. J. Tawney, with 12 brick columns and a high floor. In addition to Decoration and Dedication days' observances, the building was used during military camps.
1881-06† 20 skeletons plowed up on the Gelback Farm along the Emmitsburg Road were reinterred.
1882۩ 17 tablets were erected to display stanzas of Bivouac of the Dead.
1882-05-10† During Grand Central Avenue construction, remains of a US soldier found on the Leister Farm were interred in the Cemetery.
1884-11-08† First and only African-American veteran of the Civil War, Henry Gooden of the 127th Regiment United States Colored Troops, is buried among U.S. Regulars in the Civil War section.
1887-10-01§ Battlefield guide and assistant superintendent William Holtzworth replaced Supt. Nicholas G. Wilson who resigned to become the GBMA superintendent.
1889† Remains found during avenue construction were reinterred in the cemetery, and the cemetery gate to the Taneytown Road was planned.
1889-09Joseph H. Smith constructed the "grand stand…for use on Thursday, Pennsylvania Day … on the large lawn in front of the rostrum".
1890۩ Two "Act of Congress Tablets" were placed in the cemetery to commemorate the February 22, 1867 "act to establish and perfect National Cemeteries".
1891-02۩ The cemetery's Taneytown Road entrance was built at the summit curve of the Gettysburg Electric Railway.
1891§ Calvin Hamilton resigned as local school board president and became the cemetery superintendent after 2 years as assistant to W. D. Holtzworth.
1892۩ William H. Tipton photographed the cemetery's summer house near the west gate.
1893-07-02۩ After an October 1890 objection by Wills had been resolved, the Ionic New York State Monument was unveiled with the "statue of “Victory” in the presence of at least 12,000 persons". The ceremony concluded with an artillery salute by Battery C.
1899† Remains found at the United Presbyterian Cemetery during construction of the shirt factory were reinterred in the cemetery.
1899-09-23† Remains of 18 soldiers found on Culp's Hill were reinterred in the cemetery.
1900† Remains found by fence builders on a farm were reinterred in the cemetery.
1903۩ A larger Gettysburg Rostrum was built with a sod platform to replace the original 1879 rostrum.
1904-05-30President Theodore Roosevelt delivered the Decoration Day address after detraining near the McPherson Ridge railway cut.
1905The lodge at the Baltimore Pike entrance was dismantled.
1906۩ $6000 was appropriated for a new lodge for the superintendent
1908Memorial flags were 1st used on the graves.
1912-01-24۩ The Lincoln Address Memorial was erected on the cemetery grounds "near site of original summer house".
"A 205' macadam roadway graded and piked around the Lincoln Memorial in '."
1914-04§ Major M. M. Jefferys succeeded Calvin Hamilton as superintendent and the Jefferys family moved into the lodge,
1915-05The "Three-Mile Picture Show" named for the length of film recorded wreath-laying at the Lincoln Address Memorial by local "colored residents".
1915-05-06† Remains of a soldier discovered at Menchey's Spring on the base of East Cemetery Hill were reinterred in the cemetery.
1915-05§ Acting superintendent Harry E. Koch replaced Major Jefferys who resigned during illness while at "Johns Hopkins hospital".
1915-09§ Superintendent Austin. J. Chapman prohibited hackmans' jitneys from carrying more than 15 persons into the cemetery.
1928President Calvin Coolidge delivered the Memorial Day address in the rostrum.
1928-09۩ The brick comfort station at the cemetery opened and closed in 1931
1930President Herbert Hoover delivered the Memorial Day address at the rostrum that had been temporarily extended by Army Quartermasters.
1930-08-31§ James W. Bodley retired after serving as superintendent since 1918.
1933-06-10 combined management of the cemetery and military park with the Department of the Interior.
1933۩ Lafayette Square fencing was moved to the cemetery after 1888 legislation had moved it to East Cemetery Hill in 1889.
1936† A U.S. Colored Infantry soldier that died after the Civil War was reinterred from Yellow Hill Cemetery into the cemetery.
1938The National Park Service planted 200 rhododendron plants in the cemetery.
1942§ Captain Earl Taute was the cemetery superintendent.
1947/8† 850 World War II dead were reinterred "from European and South Pacific theaters".
1949Federal appropriations of $10,000 was planned for adding to the cemetery.
1955۩ The American Legion Tablet was placed in the cemetery to honor the "efforts of American fighting forces in preservation of freedom of all men."
1955The Oscar-nominated The Battle of Gettysburg documentary filmed the cemetery.
1963¶ President Dwight D. Eisenhower was a dignitary in the Remembrance Day activities at the cemetery.
1963-11-19Bethlehem Steel deeded "to enlarge the present cemetery" during a luncheon for the Lincoln Fellowship's 25th anniversary.
1967-04-15A design for the annex between the north wall of the cemetery and Steinwehr Avenue had plans for 1666 graves.
1968-02† The first burial was completed at the annex.
† The last interment was made in the original cemetery area.
1972The last formal speaker for a Decoration Day ceremony at the cemetery was in the rostrum.
1976–08The National Park Service acquired the 4th of 6 houses along Steinwehr Avenue east of the Taneytown Road for the cemetery annex.
1980۩ The cemetery's 1864 stone walls were reconstructed.
1993-08-21۩ The Friend to Friend Masonic Memorial in the annex was dedicated by the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania.
1997-07-01† Remains of a soldier discovered in 1996 during Seminary Ridge excavation were interred in the cemetery.