German submarine U-77 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine built by the Bremer Vulkan-Vegesacker Werft, Bremen-Vegesack. Her keel was laid down on 28 March 1940, by Bremer Vulkan of Bremen-Vegesack, Germany as yard number 5. She was launched on 23 November 1940 and commissioned on 18 January 1941, with Oberleutnant zur SeeHeinrich Schonder in command until September 1942, when he was succeeded by Oblt.z.S. Otto Hartmann, who remained in charge until the U-boat's loss. The boat was scuttled on 29 March 1943 off Calpe, Spain, after receiving heavy damage by two British aircraft.
Design
were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-77 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of, a pressure hull length of, a beam of, a height of, and a draught of. The submarine was powered by two MAN M 6 V 40/46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two Brown, Boveri & Cie GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to. The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of. When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at. U-77 was fitted with five torpedo tubes, fourteen torpedoes, one SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.
Service history
U-77 conducted 11 patrols, sinking 15 ships totalling and damaging two others, totalling. She also damaged two warships totalling 2,880 tons and caused one ship of to be declared a total loss. She was a member of six wolfpacks.
1st patrol
U-77 departed Kiel on 29 May 1941. Her route took in the gap between Iceland and the Faroe Islands. She sank the Tresillian on 13 June southeast of Cape Race. Using her deck gun, she fired 87 rounds, scoring 60-65 hits; but it needed a torpedo to administer the coup de grâce. She then sank the Arakaka, a weather ship, on the 22nd, east of St. Johns. There were no survivors. It was a similar story with the Anna Bulgaris south of Cape Farewell,. U-77 docked in St. Nazaire in occupied France on 7 July.
2nd and 3rd patrols
The boat's second foray began with her departure from St. Nazaire on 2 August 1941, but despite covering large tracts of the Atlantic, she returned to the French base on 10 September empty-handed. For her third sortie, U-77 once more found the cupboard bare west of Ireland and the Bay of Biscay. Nothing.
4th patrol
U-77s next patrol was divided into two. Part one was into the Mediterranean. Leaving St. Nazaire on 10 December 1941, she slipped past the heavily defended Strait of Gibraltar and entered Messina in northeast Sicily on the 19th. On the way, she sank from Cape Trafalgar , on the 15th. Part two involved the boat's attack on the British destroyer off Tobruk on 12 January 1942. The warship's stern was blown off, but she was towed to Alexandria for temporary repairs before more permanent restoration was carried out in Bombay. The ship returned to service in January 1944. The submarine docked at Salamis in Greece on 14 January.
5th patrol
Late on 1 April 1942, U-77 was attacked by a Fairey Swordfish of No. 815 Squadron FAA, north-by-northeast of Sidi Barrani. The damage inflicted meant the boat was unable to dive. She returned to Salamis on the 3rd.
6th patrol
Having moved to La Spezia in northwest Italy in April, U-77 departed the port for the initial portion of a two-part patrol on 6 June 1942. She sank the destroyer north of Sollum on the 12th. This was during Operation Vigorous, . The U-boat was unsuccessfully attacked by, a British T-class submarine, off what today is the Israeli coast on 4 July.. U-77 finished the patrol in Salamis on 9 July.
7th and 8th patrols
Departing Salamis on 16 July 1942, her only victory was the Greek sailing shipVassilliki, which she sank with 10 rounds from the deck gun east of Cyprus on the 22nd. In late August, the boat briefly moved to Pola in Croatia at the 'top' of the Adriatic, from where she sortied on 12 October 1942 before steaming to La Spezia once more on 1 November.
9th patrol
U-77 torpedoed the sloop on 12 November 1942 but was attacked by the corvettes and the following day northeast of Algiers. The slightly damaged U-boat returned to La Spezia on 5 December.
10th patrol
U-77 sank two more ships - the Empire Banner and the Empire Webster, both on 7 February 1943 west of Algiers. She had departed La Spezia on 26 January and returned there on 10 February.
11th patrol and loss
The boat departed La Spezia for the last time in 3 March 1943. On 28 March, U-77 was attacked by two British Lockheed Hudsons, V of No. 48 and L of No. 233 Squadron RAF, based in Gibraltar, which dropped depth charges, and heavily damaged U-77. At 01:15 the following day, 29 March, Hartmann ordered his crew off the boat, and scuttled it in position east of Cartagena/Cape de Palos. Of the 47 crew members, nine survived the night and were picked up by Spanish fishing boats.
