Georges Pompidou
Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou was a French politician who served as President of France from 1969 until his death in 1974. He previously was Prime Minister of France from 1962 to 1968—the longest tenure in the position's history. He had long been a top aide to President Charles de Gaulle; as head of state, he was a moderate conservative who repaired France's relationship with the United States and maintained positive relations with the newly independent former colonies in Africa.
He strengthened his political party, the Union of Democrats for the Republic, to make it a bastion of the Gaullist movement. Pompidou's presidency is generally held in high esteem by French political commentators.
Biography
Pompidou was born in the commune of Montboudif, in the department of Cantal in central France. After his khâgne at Lycée Louis-le-Grand, where he befriended future Senegalese poet and Léopold Sédar Senghor, he attended the École Normale Supérieure, from which he graduated with a degree of agrégation in literature.He first taught literature at the lycée Henri IV in Paris until hired in 1953 by Guy de Rothschild to work at Rothschild. In 1956, he was appointed the bank's general manager, a position he held until 1962. Later, he was hired by Charles de Gaulle to manage the Anne de Gaulle Foundation for Down syndrome.
Prime Minister
served as an aide to Prime Minister Pompidou and recalled:and Gemini 4 astronauts at the 1965 Paris Air Show
He served as prime minister of France under de Gaulle after Michel Debré resigned, from 14 April 1962 to 10 July 1968, and to this day is the longest serving French prime minister under the Fifth Republic. His nomination was controversial because he was not a member of the National Assembly. In October 1962, he was defeated in a vote of no-confidence, but de Gaulle dissolved the National Assembly. The Gaullists won the legislative election and Pompidou was reappointed as Prime Minister. In 1964, he was faced with a miners' strike. He led the 1967 legislative campaign of the Union of Democrats for the Fifth Republic to a narrow victory. Pompidou was widely regarded as being responsible for the peaceful resolution of the student uprising of May 1968. His strategy was to break the coalition of students and workers by negotiating with the trade-unions and employers.
However, during the events of May 1968, disagreements arose between Pompidou and de Gaulle. Pompidou did not understand why the President did not inform him of his departure to Baden-Baden on 29 May. Their relationship, until then very good, would be strained from then on. Pompidou led and won the 1968 legislative campaign, overseeing a tremendous victory of the Gaullist Party. He then resigned. Nevertheless, in part due to his actions during the May 1968 crisis, he appeared as the natural successor to de Gaulle. Pompidou announced his candidature for the Presidency in January 1969. Some weeks later, his wife's name was mentioned in the Markovic affair, thus appearing to confirm her husband's status as a cuckold. Pompidou was certain that de Gaulle's inner circle was responsible for this smear.
In social policy, Pompidou's tenure as prime minister witnessed the establishment of the National Employment Fund in 1963 to counter the negative effects on employment caused by industrial restructuring.
President
After the failure of the 1969 constitutional referendum, de Gaulle resigned and Pompidou was elected president of France. In the general election of 15 June 1969, he defeated the centrist President of the Senate and Acting President Alain Poher by a wide margin. Though a Gaullist, Pompidou was more pragmatic than de Gaulle, notably facilitating the accession of the United Kingdom to the European Community on 1 January 1973. He embarked on an industrialisation plan and initiated the Arianespace project, as well as the TGV project, and furthered the French civilian nuclear programme. He was sceptical about the "New Society" programme of his prime minister, Jacques Chaban-Delmas. In 1972, he replaced Chaban-Delmas with Pierre Messmer, a more conservative Gaullist. While the left-wing opposition organised itself and proposed a Common Programme before the 1973 legislative election, Pompidou widened his presidential majority by including Centrist pro-European parties. In addition, he paid special attention to regional and local needs in order to strengthen his political party, the UDR, which he made a central and lasting force in the Gaullist movement.Foreign affairs
The United States was eager to restore positive relations with France after de Gaulle's departure from office. New US President Richard Nixon and his top adviser Henry Kissinger admired Pompidou; the politicians were in agreement on most major policy issues. The United States offered to help the French nuclear programme. Economic difficulties, however, arose following the Nixon Shock and the 1973–75 recession, particularly over the role of the American dollar as the medium for world trade.Pompidou sought to maintain good relations with the newly independent former French colonies in Africa. In 1971, he visited Mauritania, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, and Gabon. He brought a message of cooperation and financial assistance, but without the traditional paternalism.
More broadly, he made an effort to foster closer relations with North African and Middle Eastern countries in order to develop a hinterland including all nations bordering the Mediterranean.
Modernising Paris
Pompidou's time in office was marked by constant efforts to modernise France's capital city. He spearheaded construction of a modern art museum, the Centre Beaubourg, on the edge of the Marais area of Paris. Other attempts at modernisation included tearing down the open air markets at Les Halles and replacing them with the shopping mall of the same name, building the Montparnasse Tower, and constructing an expressway on the right bank of the Seine.Death in office
While still in office, Pompidou died on 2 April 1974, at 9 PM, while in his apartment, from Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. His body was buried on 4 April, in the churchyard of Orvilliers, where he had bought an old baker's house and turned it into a weekend home. The official memorial service for him was held at Notre-Dame de Paris with 3000 Dignitaries in attendance.Attendees included :
- Secretary General of the United Nations Kurt Waldheim
- Director General of UNESCO René Maheu
- President of the European Commission Jean Rey
- Secretary General of NATO Joseph Luns
- President of France Alain Poher
- President of the United States Richard Nixon
- Prime Minister of Canada Pierre Trudeau
- Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Wilson and predecessor Edward Heath
- Chancellor of West Germany Willy Brandt
- President of East Germany Manfred Gerlach
- Chancellor of Austria Bruno Kreisky
- President of Switzerland Hans-Peter Tschudi
- King Hassan II of Morocco
- King Baudouin of Belgium
- Queen Juliana of the Netherlands
- Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie
- President of Tunisia Habib Bourguiba
- President of Italy Giovanni Leone
- Prime Minister of Turkey İsmet İnönü
- President of Finland Urho Kekkonen
- President of the Soviet Union Nikolai Podgorny
- Prime Minister of Yugoslavia Petar Stambolić
- President of Czechoslovakia Gustáv Husák
- Prime Minister of Denmark Poul Hartling
- Prime Minister of Sweden Olof Palme
- President of Portugal Americo Tomas
- Crown Prince Juan Carlos I of Spain
- Rainier III, Sovereign Prince of Monaco
- Grand Duke of Luxembourg Jean
- Prime Minister of Japan Kakuei Tanaka
- Vice President of South Korea Chun Doo Hwan
- Foreign Minister of Vietnam Nguyễn Duy Trinh
- President of South Vietnam Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
France withdrew from the Eurovision Song Contest 1974, which took place just four days after Pompidou's death, as a mark of respect.
Works
- Anthologie de la Poésie Française, Livre de Poche/Hachette, 1961
- Le Nœud gordien, éd. Plon, 1974
- Entretiens et discours, deux vol., éd. Plon, 1975
- Pour rétablir une vérité, éd. Flammarion, 1982
Medal
- Legion of Honour :
- * Chevalier de la Legion of Honour : ;
- * Officier de la Legion of Honour : ;
- * Grand-croix de la Legion of Honour : 1969, grand-maître de l'ordre ;
- Grand-croix de l'Ordre national du Mérite ;
- Grand Cross of Order of St. Olav ;
- Grand Cordon of Order of Leopold .
- Knight Grand Cross with Collar of Order of Merit of the Italian Republic.
Ministries
Second ministry, 28 November 1962 – 8 January 1966
- Georges Pompidou – Prime Minister
- Maurice Couve de Murville – Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Pierre Messmer – Minister of Armies
- Roger Frey – Minister of the Interior
- Valéry Giscard d'Estaing – Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs
- Michel Maurice-Bokanowski – Minister of Industry
- Gilbert Grandval – Minister of Labour
- Jean Foyer – Minister of Justice
- Christian Fouchet – Minister of National Education
- Jean Sainteney – Minister of Veterans and War Victims
- François Missoffe – Minister of Repatriates
- André Malraux – Minister of Cultural Affairs
- Edgard Pisani – Minister of Agriculture
- Louis Jacquinot – Minister of Overseas Departments and Territories
- Marc Jacquet – Minister of Public Works and Transport
- Raymond Marcellin – Minister of Public Health and Population
- Jacques Marette – Minister of Posts and Telecommunications
- Alain Peyrefitte – Minister of Information
- Gaston Palewski – Minister of Scientific Research and Atomic and Space Questions
- Louis Joxe – Minister of Administrative Reform
- Jacques Maziol – Minister of Construction
- 23 July 1964 – François Missoffe leaves the cabinet. He is not replaced as Minister of Repatriates
- 22 February 1965 – Gaston Palewski leaves the ministry and is not replaced.
Third ministry, 8 January 1966 – 6 April 1967
- Georges Pompidou – Prime Minister
- Maurice Couve de Murville – Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Pierre Messmer – Minister of Armies
- Roger Frey – Minister of the Interior
- Michel Debré – Minister of Economy and Finance
- Raymond Marcellin – Minister of Industry
- Gilbert Grandval – Minister of Labour
- Jean Foyer – Minister of Justice
- Christian Fouchet – Minister of National Education
- Alexandre Sanguinetti – Minister of Veterans and War Victims
- André Malraux – Minister of Cultural Affairs
- Edgar Faure – Minister of Agriculture
- François Missoffe – Minister of Youth and Sports
- Pierre Billotte – Minister of Overseas Departments and Territories
- Edgard Pisani – Minister of Equipment
- Marc Jacquet – Minister of Public Works and Transport
- Raymond Marcellin – Minister of Public Health and Population
- Jacques Marette – Minister of Posts and Telecommunications
- Louis Joxe – Minister of Administrative Reform
- Jean-Marcel Jeanneney – Minister of Social Affairs
Fifth ministry, 30 May – 10 July 1968
- Georges Pompidou – Prime Minister
- Michel Debré – Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Pierre Messmer – Minister of Armies
- Raymond Marcellin – Minister of the Interior
- Maurice Couve de Murville – Minister of Economy and Finance
- Albin Chalandon – Minister of Industry
- Joseph Fontanet – Minister of Labour, Employment, and Population
- René Capitant – Minister of Justice
- François-Xavier Ortoli – Minister of National Education
- Henri Duvillard – Minister of Veterans and War Victims
- André Malraux – Minister of Cultural Affairs
- Edgar Faure – Minister of Agriculture
- Roland Nungesser – Minister of Youth and Sports
- Joël Le Theule – Minister of Overseas Departments and Territories
- Jean Chamant – Minister of Transport
- Roger Frey – Minister of Relations with Parliament
- Raymond Marcellin – Minister of Public Health and Population
- Robert Galley – Minister of Housing
- André Bettencourt – Minister of Posts and Telecommunications
- Yves Guéna – Minister of Information
- Robert Boulin – Minister of Civil Service
- Christian de la Malène – Minister of Scientific Research and Atomic and Space Questions
- Maurice Schumann – Minister of Social Affairs