Fubuki-class destroyer
The Fubuki-class destroyers were a class of twenty-four destroyers of the Imperial Japanese Navy. The Fubuki class has been described as the world's first modern destroyer. The Fubuki class set a new standard not only for Japanese vessels, but for destroyers around the world. They remained formidable opponents to the end of World War II, despite being much older than many of their adversaries.
Background
Following the ratification of the Washington Naval Treaty in 1922, the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff issued requirements for a destroyer with a maximum speed of, range of at, and armed with large numbers of torpedoes. As the treaty placed Japan in an inferior position vis-a-vis the United States and Great Britain in terms of capital ships, the obvious course of action would be to build large numbers of other types of ships not restricted by the treaty, with the most powerful weaponry possible. These destroyers were intended to operate with the new series of fast and powerful cruisers also under consideration as part of a program intended to give the Imperial Japanese Navy a qualitative edge with the world's most modern ships.The resultant Fubuki class was ordered under the 1923 fiscal year budget, based on a smaller 1750 ton design, with ships completed between 1926 and 1931. Their performance was a great improvement over previous destroyer designs, so much so that they were designated Special Type destroyers. The large size, powerful engines, high speed, large radius of action, and unprecedented armament gave these destroyers the firepower similar to many light cruisers in other navies. The closest equivalents in the United States Navy were the and s, of which only thirteen vessels were constructed in the 1930s to function as destroyer squadron leaders.
Design
The initial design for the Fubuki class was based on a 2000-ton displacement hull with a single battery, two twin 24-inch torpedo tubes, and capable of 40 knots. Following the effective abandonment of the Washington Naval Treaty from 1923, the design was modified to 1680 standard tons with more guns and more torpedo tubes. However, their increased displacement more than offset their more powerful engines, resulting in a slower top speed than originally planned.The engines were powered by four Kampon boilers running two-shaft geared turbines at 50,000 shp, yielding a rated speed of, with a range of 5000 nautical miles.
The S-shaped curved bow introduced on the Mutsuki class was retained; however, the well deck in front of the bridge was removed, which made it possible to extend the forecastle further aft and to flare the hull back to the first stack, which increased seaworthiness. The forecastle was also raised one deck in height into reduce the effect of heavy seas on the forward gun mount. The bridge enlarged and enclosed. The bow was given a significant flare, to offer protection against weather in the Pacific.
The Fubuki-class vessels were originally intended to have only hull numbers. This proved to be extremely unpopular with the crews and was a constant source of confusion in communications with the earlier and es, and naval policy was changed in August 1928. Hence, the Fubuki-class vessels were assigned names as they were launched.
Between June 1928 and March 1933, twenty-four Fubuki-class destroyers were built. Several modifications took place over the course of production, and the twenty-four units can be broken down into three groups. The final four ships were so different they were given a new class name. As completed, Fubuki had twin 5-inch guns in "A", "X", and "Y" positions, with triple torpedo tubes in "D", "P", and "Q", making them the most powerful destroyers in the world at the time of their completion.
Armament
The Fubuki-class destroyers were far more capable than the previous Mutsuki-class in armament. The main battery consisted of six Type 3 127 mm 50 caliber naval guns, mounted in pairs in three weather-proof, splinter-proof, gas-tight gun turrets that were far ahead of their time. The Group I vessels could elevate to over 40 degrees, but from Group II, these guns were dual purpose guns that could be elevated to 70 degrees, making them the world's first destroyers with this ability. Ammunition was brought up on hoists from magazines located directly underneath each gun turret, which had a far greater rate of fire than those of other contemporary destroyers in which ammunition was typically manually loaded. However, the gun houses were not bullet-proof, and were thus actually still gun mounts, rather than proper turrets.The two triple torpedo launchers with Type 8 torpedoes which had proved successful on the Mutsuki-class was again used, and each tube had a reload, giving the destroyer a complement of 18 torpedoes in total. The forward launchers were located between the smokestacks.
Anti-aircraft capability was also as per the Mutsuki-Class, with two Type 92 7.7 mm anti-aircraft machine guns located in front of the second stack. These were replaced by Type 93 13 mm AA Guns before the start of the war. Following the start of then Pacific War, a number of units received an additional pair of Type 93 guns mounted in front of the bridge, which were later changed to Type 96 25mm AA Guns. In late 1943 to early 1944, one of the aft guns was replaced with two triple Type 96 guns, and an additional raised gun platform with another two triple Type 96 guns was added between the two aft torpedo launchers, In late 1944, the remaining units received more Type 96 guns as single mounts on the forecastle and stern. received a Type 22 radar in November 1943, and the remaining seven units were so fitted in 1944. The few ships remaining in late 1944 also received the Type 13 radar.
Development
The first group, or Fubuki class, consisting of the first ten vessels completed in 1928 and 1929, were simpler in construction than the vessels that followed. They had a rangefinder on the compass bridge and an exposed gun-fire control room, and were equipped with a “Type A” gun turret that elevated both of its barrels at the same time and only to 40 degrees. The first group can be distinguished from later ships by their massive circular air ducts abreast the two stacks leading to the boiler room, with the exception of, which integrated the ventilation ducts into the platforms built around the stacks.The second group, or Ayanami class, were built in 1930 and 1931, and had larger bridges that encompassed the rangefinder, an azimuth compass sighting device and the gun-fire control room, as well as a range finding tower. Furthermore, the boiler room's air inlet was changed from a pipe to a bowl shape. They also benefited from the deployment of “Type B” turrets, which could elevate each gun separately to 75° for AA use, making them the world's first destroyers with this capability.
The third group, also known as the, were built from 1931 to 1933. These vessels had three larger boilers instead of the previous four and a narrower fore funnel. Improvements included a unique splinter-proof torpedo launcher-turret, which allowed the torpedo launcher tubes to be reloaded in action.
However, the Fubuki class also had a number of inherent design problems. The large amount of armament combined with a smaller hull displacement than in the original design created issues with stability. Despite design features intended to reduce weight, including use of welding on the hull and lighter alloys above the main deck, the ships exceeded their design weight by over 200 tons, which was even more of a problem with the Group II ships, with their larger bridge and heavier gun mounts. After the Tomozuru Incident, in which the top-heavy design of many Japanese warships called basic design issues into question, additional ballast had to be added.
In the Fourth Fleet Incident, during which a typhoon damaged virtually every ship in the Fourth Fleet, issues with the longitudinal strength of the Fubuki-class hull was discovered. As a result, all vessels were reconstructed between 1935 and 1937. An additional 40 tons of ballast was added, the bridge reduced in size and the height of the smoke stacks was decreased. The number of torpedo reloads were reduced from nine to three, and fewer shells were stored for the guns. The amount of fuel carried was also increased to help lower the center-of-gravity. Eight of the Ayanami class were retrofitted with the lighter "Type C" gun mounts, These changes increased the displacement to 2050 tons standard tons and over 2400 tons full load. The rebuild reduced the top speed slightly to 34 knots.
Operational history
Of the 24 Fubuki-class vessels completed, one was sunk in a collision in 1934.The remaining vessels served throughout the Pacific War. In November 1942, the damaged the battleship with her gunfire during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal before being attacked by, which crippled the battleship as well. She was scuttled the following day by. In August 1943, John F. Kennedy's PT-109 was rammed, split asunder and sunk by of this class.
Eight ships of the class were sunk by submarines, and two by mines, the rest by air attacks. Only and survived the war. Hibiki was taken by the Soviet Navy as a prize of war, and continued to be used until 1964.
List of ships
Type I (''Fubuki'')
| Kanji | Name | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Completed | Fate |
| 吹雪 | Maizuru Naval Arsenal, Japan | 19 June 1926 | 15 November 1927 | 10 August 1928 | Sunk in surface action off Guadalcanal on 11 October 1942; struck 15 November 1942 | |
| 白雪 | Yokohama Dockyard, Japan | 19 March 1927 | 20 March 1928 | 18 December 1928 | air attack off Dampir Strait on 3 March 1943; struck 1 April 1943 | |
| 初雪 | Maizuru Naval Arsenal, Japan | 12 April 1927 | 29 September 1928 | 30 March 1929 | Air attack off Buin on 17 July 1943; struck 15 October 1943 | |
| 深雪 | Uraga Dock Company, Japan | 30 April 1927 | 26 June 1928 | 29 June 1929 | Collision with Inazuma, S Cheju Island on 29 June 1934; struck 15 August 1934 | |
| 叢雲 | Fujinagata Shipyards, Japan | 25 April 1927 | 27 September 1928 | 10 May 1929 | Sunk in action off Guadalcanal on 12 October 1942; struck 15 November 1942 | |
| 東雲 | Sasebo Naval Arsenal, Japan | 12 August 1926 | 26 November 1927 | 25 July 1928 | Air attack near Miri on 17 December 1941; struck 15 January 1942 | |
| 薄雲 | Ishikawajima Shipyards, Japan | 21 October 1926 | 26 December 1927 | 26 July 1928 | named Usugumo 1 August 1928; Torpedoed off Etorofu on 7 July 1944; struck 10 September 1944 | |
| 白雲 | Fujinagata Shipyards, Japan | 27 October 1926 | 27 December 1927 | 28 July 1928 | named Shiragumo 1 August 1928; Torpedoed off Cape Erimo on 16 March 1944; struck 31 March 1944 | |
| 磯波 | Uraga Dock Company, Japan | 18 October 1926 | 24 November 1927 | 30 June 1928 | named Isonami on 1 August 1928; Torpedoed off SW Celebes on 9 April 1943; struck 1 August 1943 | |
| 浦波 | Sasebo Naval Arsenal, Japan | 28 April 1927 | 29 November 1928 | 30 June 1929 | Air attack W of Panay on 26 October 1944; struck 10 December 1944 |
Type II (''Ayanami'')
| Kanji | Name | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Completed | Fate |
| 綾波 | Fujinagata Shipyards, Japan | 20 January 1928 | 5 October 1929 | 30 April 1930 | Scuttled off Guadalcanal by Uranami ; 15 November 1942; struck 15 December 1942 | |
| 敷波 | Maizuru Naval Arsenal, Japan | 6 July 1928 | 22 June 1929 | 24 December 1929 | Torpedoed S of Hainan 12 September 1944; struck 10 October 1944 | |
| 朝霧 | Sasebo Naval Arsenal, Japan | 12 December 1928 | 18 November 1929 | 30 June 1930 | Air attack off Guadalcanal on 28 August 1942; struck 1 October 1942 | |
| 夕霧 | Maizuru Naval Arsenal, Japan | 1 April 1929 | 12 May 1930 | 3 December 1930 | Sunk in action, central Solomons on 25 November 1943; struck 15 December 1943 | |
| 天霧 | Ishikawajima Shipyards, Japan | 28 November 1928 | 27 February 1930 | 10 November 1930 | Mined, S of Makassar Strait on 23 April 1944; struck 10 June 1944 | |
| 狭霧 | Uraga Dock Company, Japan | 28 March 1929 | 23 December 1929 | 30 January 1931 | Torpedoed off Kuching on 24 December 1941; struck 15 January 1942 | |
| 朧 | Sasebo Naval Arsenal, Japan | 29 November 1929 | 8 November 1930 | 31 October 1931 | Air attack off Kiska Island on 16 October 1942; struck 15 November 1942 | |
| 曙 | Sasebo Naval Arsenal, Japan | 25 October 1929 | 7 November 1930 | 31 July 1931 | Air attack Manila Bay on 13 November 1944; struck 10 January 1945 | |
| 漣 | Maizuru Naval Arsenal, Japan | 21 February 1930 | 6 June 1931 | 19 May 1932 | Torpedoed E of Palau on 14 January 1944; struck 10 March 1944 | |
| 潮 | Uraga Dock Company, Japan | 24 December 1929 | 17 November 1930 | 14 November 1931 | surrendered to Allies 15 September 1945; scrapped 1948 |
Type III (''Akatsuki'')
| Kanji | Name | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Completed | Fate |
| 暁 | Sasebo Naval Arsenal, Japan | 17 February 1930 | 7 May 1932 | 30 November 1932 | Sunk in action off Guadalcanal on 13 November 1942; struck 15 December 1942 | |
| 響 | Maizuru Naval Arsenal, Japan | 21 February 1930 | 16 June 1932 | 31 March 1933 | surrendered 5 October 1945; prize of war to USSR on 5 July 1947; scrapped 1963 | |
| 雷 | Uraga Dock Company, Japan | 7 March 1930 | 22 October 1931 | 15 August 1932 | torpedoed W of Guam on 13 April 1944; struck 10 June 1944 | |
| 電 | Fujinagata Shipyards, Japan | 7 March 1930 | 25 February 1932 | 15 November 1932 | Torpedoed W of Celebes on 14 May 1944; struck 10 June 1944 |