Born Frederick Douglas O'Neal in Brooksville, Mississippi, he was named after abolitionist Frederick Douglass. His father was a teacher and merchant. He had seven brothers and sisters. In 1919, when his father died, the family moved to St. Louis where he started acting professionally in 1927. O'Neal moved to New York in 1936 and worked as a laboratory assistant while studying acting at night. He made his New York debut with the Civic Repertory Theatre. Unsatisfied with the state of black theater, he helped establish the American Negro Theater in 1940 and appeared in a number of its productions. In 1944, he made his Broadway debut as the greedy brother-in-law in Anna Lucasta. For his performance, O'Neal won the Clarence Derwent Award as most promising newcomer of the theater season, the New York Drama Critics' Award for best supporting performance of 1944 and the Donaldson Award for the 1944-45 season. He recreated the role in Chicago and London, and in the film adaptation. He also earned acclaim for his stage portrayal of Lem Scott in Take a Giant Step in 1953, and reprised the role on film. In films, O'Neal appeared in Pinky, No Way Out and Something of Value. In 1953, O'Neal filmed a pilot for Sammy Davis Jr.'s ABCtelevision show. The show presented African-Americans as struggling musicians, not the usual slapstick comedy or the stereotypical mammy roles of the time. The cast included actresses Ruth Attaway and Jane White, and Frances Davis who was the first black ballerina to perform for the Paris Opera The network couldn't get a sponsor, so the show was dropped. In 1955, O'Neal played the role of a detective in the mystery drama Danger. That year he portrayed a witch doctor in the Broadway musicalHouse of Flowers. On television, O'Neal was frequently on Kraft Suspense and Hallmark Hall of Fame productions. He also portrayed Officer Wallace on Car 54, Where Are You? from 1961 to 1963. In 1964 he played Matty Howard in a boxing-centered episode of the ABC drama Breaking Point titled "Never Trouble Trouble Till Trouble Troubles You" that boasted a primarily black cast, including Terry Carter, Diana Sands, Rex Ingram, and Mark Dymally. He narrated, along with Hilda Simms, the educational record "Great Negro Americans" which was written and produced by Alan Sands.
Organization and union work
In 1927, O'Neal organized the Aldridge Players in St. Louis, a black theater group named for Ira Aldridge. He helped organize Harlem's American Negro Theatre in 1940, which started the careers of Harry Belafonte, Ruby Dee, Sidney Poitier, Earle Hyman, and Alice Childress among others. In 1948, he co-founded the British Negro Theatre. In 1958, O'Neal was named to Actors' Equity Association's council. He had lost the bid to become president, but six years later in 1964 he became president of the Actors' Equity Association. He was the first African-American president of Equity. His work landed him on the master list of Nixon political opponents. After leaving office, he was named the organization's president emeritus. O'Neal was elected president of the Associated Actors and Artistes of America in 1970 and retired from the position in 1988. O'Neal was vice president of the AFL-CIO and a member of its executive council.
