Focal plane tomography generally uses mechanical movement of an X-ray source and film in unison to generate a tomogram using the principles of projective geometry. Synchronizing the movement of the radiation source and detector which are situated in the opposite direction from each other causes structures which are not in the focal plane being studied to blur out.
Limitations
The blurring provided by focal plane tomography is only marginally effective, since it only occurs in the X plane. Moreover, since focal plane tomography uses plain X-rays, it is not particularly effective at resolving soft tissues. The increased availability and power of computers in the 1960s and 70s gave rise to new imaging techniques such as CT and MRI which use computational methods to acquire and process tomographic image data, and which do not suffer from the limitations of focal plane tomography.
Variants
Initially focal plane tomography used simple linear movements. The technique advanced through the mid-twentieth century however, steadily producing sharper images, and with a greater ability to vary the thickness of the cross-section being examined. This was achieved through the introduction of more complex, pluridirectional devices that can move in more than one plane and perform more effective blurring.
Linear tomography
This is the most basic form of conventional tomography. The X-ray tube moved from point "A" to point "B" above the patient, while the detector moves simultaneously under the patient from point "B" to point "A". The fulcrum, or pivot point, is set to the area of interest. In this manner, the points above and below the focal plane are blurred out, just as the background is blurred when panning a camera during exposure. Rarely used, and has largely been replaced by computed tomography.
Poly tomography
This was achieved using a more advanced X-ray apparatus that allows for more sophisticated and continuous movements of the X-ray tube and film. With this technique, a number of complex synchronous geometrical movements could be programmed, such as hypocycloidic, circular, figure 8, and elliptical. Philips Medical Systems for example produced one such device called the 'Polytome'. This pluridirectional unit was still in use into the 1990s, as its resulting images for small or difficult physiology, such as the inner ear, was still difficult to image with CTs at that time. As the resolution of CT scanners got better, this procedure was taken over by CT.
Zonography
This is a variant of linear tomography, where a limited arc of movement is used, resulting in less blurring than linear tomography. It is still used in some centres for visualising the kidney during an intravenous urogram, though it too is being supplanted by CT.
Panoramic radiograph
y is the only common tomographic examination still in use. This makes use of a complex movement to allow the radiographic examination of the mandible, as if it were a flat bone. It is commonly performed in dental practices and is often referred to as a "Panorex", though this is a trademark of a specific company and not a generic term.
