Carlebach descended from a well known German rabbinical family. He was the son of Simson Carlebach, a banker, and his wife Resi née Graupe. His grandfather Salomon Carlebach, who married Esther Carlebach née Adler, was already a Rabbi in Lübeck. His uncle Joseph Carlebach was a Rabbi in Hamburg. Carlebach's younger brother Ephraim was a Rabbi in Montreal. He had another brother, Salomon, and a sister, Esther. Carlebach was a student at Katharineum zu Lübeck. After he passed his A-levels in 1929 he studied theology and music in Köln. In 1934 he became a teacher at in Leipzig a school for Jewish students founded by his uncle Ephraim Carlebach in 1912. His uncle emigrated to Palestine in spring 1936 and died there in October 1936. Felix Carlebach stayed in Leipzig until 1939. In 1936 he married Babette Kohn who was then teaching at Höhere Israelitische Schule. The couple had three daughters, Judith, Sulamith and Naomi. Felix Carlebach's parents, his uncle Joseph Carlebach and his wife Charlotte née Preuss were deported with their four youngest children to Jungfernhof concentration camp, near Riga on December 6, 1942. His father Simson Carlebach died just after the arrival. His mother, his uncle and aunt and their three daughters Ruth, Noemi und Sara were executed in Bikernieki forest near Riga on March 26, 1942. Only Carlebach's cousin Salomon Carlebach survived and became a rabbi in New York City. Felix Carlebach and his wife Babette escaped to Great Britain by support of British chief rabbi Joseph H. Hertz in 1939. Carlebach said: It was one of the luckiest events of my life that my wife and I survived. He became a Rabbi because of a need he said. World War II began and all Rabbis had to join the army and overnight there were jobs. I was simply put in. In London he worked as a Rabbi at the Palmers Green and Southgate United Synagoge from 1939 to 1947 replacing a Rabbi who had joined the army. In 1954 he passed Magister artium exam at Victoria University of Manchester. From 1947 until he retired in 1984 he worked as a Rabbi at the South Manchester Synagogue. In 1985 Carlebach came back to Lübeck for the first time since 1939. Albrecht Schreiber, editor of Lübecker Nachrichten who published about the history of Jews in Lübeck, came to see Carlebach in Manchester, having been sent by Lübeck's mayor Robert Knüppel. Carlebach described Knüppel's intention: See him in Manchester, find out if he is willing to reach out his hands, if he is willing to pass a bridge I would like to build. Carlebach described his reaction and the consequences: Brotherhod after the cruelties of the past. It was a very difficult matter I did it and got excellent relationships to the authorities of Lübeck by the mayor and our former school. During his stay in Lübeck he visited Katharineum, his former school and met twelve of his former classmates he hadn't seen since 1939. We hugged each other and said: "Such may never happen again." In 1987 the city of Lübeck offered honorary citizenship to Carlebach, which he received on September 17, 1987 in the town hall of Lübeck. Carlebach became the 19th honorary citizen of the city. At Carlebach's 90th birthday a Lübeck delegation went to see him in Manchester. Carlebach told Robert Knüppel and other members of the delegation that Lübeck was in his thoughts and memories often, although he was not able to go to his father's city because of his old age. The South Manchester Synagogue honored Carlebach by a plaque at the entrance of the new building being unveiled by the Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, in April 2003. He also planted a tree in Carlebach's honour. The Hallé Orchestra of Manchester honored Carlebach year by year by giving a symphony concert for which he choose the program. The City of Lübeck honoured all members of the Carlebach rabbinical family by naming a new park in Hochschulstadtteil near the universityCarlebach Park.
