Eurostar International was formed in 1990 as European Passenger Services, as the division of British Rail responsible for the UK section of the Eurostar operation. Eurostar trains began operating on 14 November 1994, with EPS, NMBS/SNCB and SNCF were each responsible for the running of Eurostar services in their own territory. On 1 April 1994, EPS signed a fixed-rate track access contract with Railtrack lasting until 29 July 2052 as part of the plans for Regional Eurostar services. The privatisation of British Rail saw ownership of EPS transferred to London and Continental Railways in 1996, which is a property developmentcompany owned by the Government of the United Kingdom. This was part of the contract agreed with the British Government for LCR build and operate High Speed 1 between London and the Channel Tunnel. The company was renamed Eurostar Limited and was to use the income from EUKL to help finance the HS1 project. Following financial assistance from the government in 1998, LCR was forced to appoint a management contract for EUKL. Bids for the contract were submitted by Virgin Rail Group and Inter-Capital and Regional Rail, a consortium of National Express, SNCF, NMBS/SNCB and British Airways. The latter was awarded the contract which was to run from 1998 until 2010. In January 2009, after the completion of HS1, the UK's Department for Transport took control of LCR and announced its intention to put both HS1 and EUKL up for sale. Deutsche Bahn expressed an interest in EUKL but no sale materialised. On 31 December 2009, EUKL was renamed Eurostar International Limited. On 1 September 2010, the three national Eurostar operators merged into EIL as a single company with a single management structure. Following this change, the ICRR management contract for the UK business was terminated. Once all Eurostar assets were transferred to EIL, the holdings in the company were amended to LCR, NMBS/SNCB and SNCF. LCR sold a 30-year concession to operate HS1 in November 2010 to a Canadian consortium of Borealis Infrastructure and Ontario Teacher's Pension Plan for £2.1bn. EIL then paid access charges to the consortium to operate Eurostar trains on HS1. On 4 December 2013, the UK Government announced it was looking to sell LCR's 40% stake in EIL. In January 2014, in a joint venture with Keolis, Eurostar was shortlisted to bid for the InterCity East Coast franchise in the United Kingdom. However the franchise was awarded to Virgin Trains East Coast. In June 2014, the UK's 40% shareholding in EIL was transferred from LCR to HM Treasury, and a sale process was launched on 13 October 2014. In March 2015, the Treasury announced it had sold the stake to Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec and Hermes Infrastructure for £585m. It also confirmed agreement to redeem its preference share in EIL for £172m, raising £757m in total.
