Espiritu Santo languages
The Espiritu Santo languages are a group of North Vanuatu languages spoken on Espiritu Santo Island in northern Vanuatu. Tryon considers the Espiritu Santo languages to be a coherent group.
Languages
Two lists of Espiritu Santo languages from Tryon and François are provided below.Tryon (2010)
Tryon recognizes 33 living languages and 2 extinct languages. They are:| Language | Speakers | Area | Villages |
| Valpei | 300 | North-West Santo | Wunpuko, Valpei, Petani, Matalip, Pwar, Molpoe, Hakua, Maroa, Pwat, Pwatmwel, Mwalovuko, Wunapak |
| Nokuku | 250 | North-West Santo | Olpoe, Nokuku, Lajmoli, Vunon, Penaoru, Petawota |
| 'Oa | 300 | North-West Santo | Tasmate, Sulesal, Vasalea |
| Vunapu | 250? | North-West Santo | Vunapu, Pesena |
| Piamatsina | 250? | North-West Santo | Piamatsina, Piamaeto, Peavot |
| Tolomako | 900 | North-West Santo | Jureviu, Tuturu, Tavunamalo, Peavot, Vasi, Pialulup, Matantas |
| Kula | 350 | West Santo | Wusi, Kerepua, Elia 1 |
| Bura | 300 | West Santo | Linduri, Putonro, Saktui, Maram, Patiare, Mapten, Nukupospos |
| Kene | 300 | West Santo | Vuimele, Navura, Papaisale, Arumalate, Latavoa, Pilipili, Lepurpuri, Potlavaisevu |
| Akei | 4000 | West Santo | Toramaori, Lalaolo, Tovotovo, Kerevinumbu, Tasiriki, Ukoro, Malovira, Tasmalum |
| Daruru | 100? | West Santo | Pelmol |
| Retlatur | 100 | South Santo | Tanovusivusi |
| Ale | 500 | South Santo | Fimele, Wailapa |
| Aje | 10 | South Santo | Patunmevu, Nambaka, Wunamoli |
| Ande | 500 | South Santo | Tanmet, Lotunai, Ipayato, Tasmalum, Morouas |
| Araki | 10 | South Santo | Araki Island |
| Movono | 370 | South Santo | Tangoa Island |
| Farsav | 400 | South Santo | Nambel, Tanovoli, Narango, Funafosi, Nambauk |
| Tiale / Merei | 400 | Central Santo | Tavuimoli, Nazaraka, Mataipevu, Patuitano, Morokari, Angoru, Tombet, Navele, Vusvogo |
| Kiai | 450 | Central Santo | Wailapa, Fortsenale, Namoru |
| Ko / Mores | 200? | Central Santo | Tanmet, Lemben, Tsarailan, Namafun, Patmarifu, Sarete, Mavunlif |
| Moiso | 100 | Central Santo | Moriuli |
| Toksiki / Soisoru | 200 | Central Santo | Morkriv, Pilnuri, Bengie |
| Tamambo | 4000 | East Santo | Malo |
| Aore | extinct | East Santo | Aore |
| Biliru | 3 | East Santo | Tambotalo, Belnatsa, Beleru, Belembut, Lambue |
| Farafi | 300? | East Santo | Butmas, Tur, Maniok, Shark Bay, Naturuk |
| Ngen | 250 | East Santo | Vanafo, Mon Exil, Palon, Shark Bay |
| Ati | 85 | East Santo | Fumbak, Naturuk, Nambauk |
| Se | 20 | East Santo | Vanafo, Butmas |
| Atin | 120 | East Santo | Nambauk, Fumatal |
| Farnanto | 100 | East Santo | Nambauk, Tanmet, Tafua |
| Mavea | 500 | East Santo | Mavea, Aissi, Tutuba |
| Nethalp | extinct | East Santo | Lorediakarkar |
| Nekep | 4000 | East Santo | Hog Harbour, Port Olry, Kole 1 |
François (2015)
The following list of 38 Espiritu Santo languages is from François.| No. | Language | Other names | Speakers | Ethnologue | ISO 639-3 | Region |
| 27 | Tolomako | Bigbay | 900 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 28 | Piamatsina | 250 | Espiritu Santo | |||
| 29 | Vunapu | 380 | Espiritu Santo | |||
| 30 | Valpei | 300 | Espiritu Santo | |||
| 31 | Nokuku | 250 | Espiritu Santo | |||
| 32 | Meri | Tasmate, Oa | 300 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 33 | Wusi | Kula | 350 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 34 | Bura | 300 | Espiritu Santo | |||
| 35 | Merei | Tiale, Lametin | 400 | , | , | Espiritu Santo |
| 36 | Mores | Ko | 200 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 37 | Ande | Morouas | 500 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 38 | Toksiki | Soisoru, Roria | 200 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 39 | Kiai | Fortsenal | 450 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 40 | Moiso | 100 | Espiritu Santo | |||
| 41 | Kene | 300 | Espiritu Santo | |||
| 42 | Daruru | 100 | Espiritu Santo | |||
| 43 | Akei | Tasiriki | 4000 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 44 | Retlatur | 100 | Espiritu Santo | |||
| 45 | Wailapa | Ale | 500 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 46 | Farsaf | Narango, Nambel | 400 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 47 | Varavara | Amblong, Aje | 300 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 48 | Narmoris | 220 | Espiritu Santo | |||
| 49 | Biliru | Tambotalo | 3 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 50 | Atin | 120 | Espiritu Santo | |||
| 51 | Ati | Polonombauk, Meris | 85 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 52 | Farnanto | 100 | Espiritu Santo | |||
| 53 | Se | Fanafo | 20 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 54 | Sinia | Navut | 520 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 55 | Butmas-Tur | Ati, Farafi | 520 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 56 | Ngen | Shark Bay | 450 | Espiritu Santo, Litaro | ||
| 57 | Tholp | Nethalp | 0 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 58 | Sakao | Hog Harbour, Nkep | 4000 | Espiritu Santo | ||
| 59 | Mavea | Mav̋ea, Mafea | 34 | Espiritu Santo, Mavea | ||
| 60 | Tutuba | 500 | Espiritu Santo, Tutuba | |||
| 61 | Aore | 0 | Espiritu Santo, Aore | |||
| 62 | Tamambo | Malo, Tamabo | 4000 | Espiritu Santo, Malo | ||
| 63 | Tangoa | Movono | 370 | Espiritu Santo, Tangoa | ||
| 64 | Araki | 8 | Espiritu Santo, Araki |