Esperanto II


Esperanto II or Esperanto 2 was a reform of Esperanto proposed by René de Saussure in 1937, the last of a long series of such proposals beginning with a 1907 response to Ido with a project called Lingwo Internaciona, later called Antido 1. Esperanto II was one of several languages investigated by the International Auxiliary Language Association, the linguistic research body that eventually standardized and presented Interlingua de IALA.
Several of the grammatical inflections were changed. The accusative is in -u, which replaces the final vowel of nouns, pronouns, and correlatives , and for the plural -n is added to both nouns and pronouns . Neither suffix affects adjectives, which do not agree with their noun. The correlative series tiu, ĉiu becomes ta, cha when modifying a noun. The indefinite suffix -aŭ is replaced with adverbial -e, and the inchoative -iĝ- becomes -ev-.
Many small grammatical words are also replaced, such as ey for kaj "and", be for ĉe "at", and ki for ol "than". The work of the preposition de "of, by, from" is divided up into several more specific prepositions.
Additionally, the project introduced international cognates when such cognates were readily recognized; for example, skolo was used for "school" in place of standard Esperanto's lernejo ; Esperanto has skolo only in the sense of "a school of thought", which is also the meaning that the word has in the example passage below. Antonymic roots such as tarde for malfrue "late" and poke for malmulte'' "few" are used today in Esperanto poetry, though they resemble Ido and Esperanto may have acquired them from that language.

Orthography and phonology

The orthography and phonology were changed to eliminate diacritics and a few of the more marginal sounds: becomes, and conflate to, becomes, becomes, becomes, becomes, and become, becomes.

Sample

Changes from standard Esperanto that involve more than orthography are highlighted in this sample passage and explained below.
;Esperanto II
;Standard Esperanto:
;Translation
;Correspondences
In the order in which they occur in the passage above, these are:
-u : -on. be : ĉe. te : je. farevis : fariĝis. ey : kaj. kaes : kies, de kiu. ki : ol. anke : ankaŭ. ta : tiu. kay : kiu? pliente ki : more than. -n : -j. kaw : kiun? projekto : projekto. di : by. pos : post. cha : ĉiu. dey : from. tala : tia. li-n-a : ili-a. lo : ? ankore : ankoraŭ. ju : ĝin. tu : tion. tiente: ? niam : neniam.