is a filamentous fungus or mold closely related to yeast, but growing exclusively in a filamentous way. It was originally isolated from cotton as a pathogen causing stigmatomycosis by Ashby and Nowell in 1926. This disease affects the development of hair cells in cotton bolls and can be transmitted to citrus fruits, which thereupon dry out and collapse. In the first part of the 20th century, and two other fungi causing stigmatomycosis made it virtually impossible to grow cotton in certain regions of the subtropics, causing severe economical losses. Control of the spore-transmitting insects - and - permitted full eradication of infections. was recognized as a natural overproducer of riboflavin, which protects its spores against ultraviolet light. This made it an interesting organism for industries, where genetically modified strains are still used to produce this vitamin.
A few years ago, became recognized as an attractive model to study the growth of long and multinucleate fungal cells because of its small genome, haploidnuclei, and efficient gene targetingmethods. It is generally assumed that a better understanding of filamentous fungal growth will greatly stimulate the development of novel fungicides. Its use as a model organism is particularly promising because of the high level of gene order conservation between the genomes of and the yeast.
Genome
The complete sequencing and annotation of the entire genome, as published in 2004, was initiated when a significant degree of genesynteny was observed in preliminary studies in comparison to the genome of budding yeast,. This not only helped to improve gene annotation of, but also allowed the reconstruction of the evolutionary history of both organisms. and originated from a common ancestor which carried about 5000 genes. Divergence of these two close relatives started some 100 million years ago. One branch of evolution involving up to 100 viable genome rearrangements, a few million base pair changes, and a limited number of gene deletions, duplications and additions lead to modern with its 4718 protein-coding genes and 9.2 million base pairs spread over seven chromosomes. The genome of underwent a more eventful evolution, which includes a whole-genome duplication. Despite the long evolutionary history of the two organisms and fundamentally different ways of growth and development, the complete synteny map of both genomes reveals 95% of genes are orthologs of genes, and 90% map within blocks of synteny.
Growth, development and morphology
The life cycle starts with the only known phase of isotropic growth in wild type: germination of the haploid spore to form a germ bubble. This is followed by apical growth, extending two germ tubes in succession on opposing sites of the germ bubble. More axes of polarity are established with branch formation in young mycelium. Maturation is characterized by apical branching and a dramatic increase of growth speed, which enables it to cover an 8 cm Petri dish of full medium in about seven days. Sporulation is thought to be induced by nutrient deprivation, leading to contraction at the septa, cytokinesis and subsequent abscission of sporangia which contain up to eight haploid spores. Hyphae are compartmentalized by septa, which in young parts appear as rings that allow transfer of nuclei and in older parts may appear as closed discs. Compartments typically contain around eight nuclei.
