Emperor Uda was the 59th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Uda's reign spanned the years from 887 through 897.
Traditional narrative
Name and legacy
Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name was Sadami or Chōjiin-tei. Emperor Uda was the third son of Emperor Kōkō. His mother was Empress Dowager Hanshi, a daughter of Prince Nakano. Uda had five Imperial consorts and 20 Imperial children. Particularly important sons include:
In ancient Japan, there were four noble clans, the Gempeitōkitsu. One of these clans, the Minamoto clan, is also known as Genji. Some of Uda's grandchildren were granted the surname Minamoto. In order to distinguish Uda's descendants from other Minamoto clan families or Genji, they became known as the Uda Genji. Some of the Uda Genji moved to Ōmi Province and known as Sasaki clan or :ja:近江源氏|Ōmi Genji. Among the Uda Genji, Minamoto no Masazane, a son of :ja:敦実親王|Prince Atsumi succeeded in the court. Masazane became sadaijin. One of Masazane's daughters, Minamoto no Rinshi married Fujiwara no Michinaga and from this marriage three empresses dowagers and two regents were born. From Masanobu, several kuge families originated including the Niwata, Ayanokōji, Itsutsuji, Ōhara and Jikōji. From his fourth son Sukeyosi, the Sasaki clan originated, and thus Kyōgoku clan originated. These descendants are known as Ōmi Genji today. From this line, Sasaki Takauji made a success at the Muromachi shogunate and the Amago clan originated from his brother.
Events of Uda's life
Uda's father, Emperor Kōkō, demoted his sons from the rank of imperial royals to that of subjects in order to reduce the state expenses, as well as their political influence. Sadami was given the clan name of Minamoto and named Minamoto no Sadami. Later, in 887, when Kōkō needed to appoint his successor, Sadami was once again promoted to the Imperial Prince rank with support of kampakuFujiwara no Mototsune, since Sadami was adopted by a half-sister of Mototsune. After the death of his father in November of that year, Sadami-shinnō ascended to the throne.
September 17, 887 : Emperor Kōkō died; and his third son received the succession. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Uda formally acceded to the throne.
December 5, 887 : Mototsune asked Uda for permission to retire from his duties; but the emperor is said to have responded, "My youth limits my ability to govern; and if you stop offering me your good counsel, I will be obliged to abdicate and to retire to a monastery." Therefore, Mototsune continued to serve as the new emperor's kampaku.
888 : Construction of the newly created Buddhist temple of Ninna-ji was completed; and a former disciple of Kōbō-daishi was installed as the new abbot.
889 : The former emperor Yōzei became deranged, and afflicted by mental illness. Yōzei would enter the palace and address courtiers he would meet with the greatest rudeness. He became increasingly furious. He garroted women with the strings of musical instruments and then threw the bodies into a lake. While riding on horseback, he directed his mount to run over people. Sometimes he simply disappeared into the mountains where he chased wild boars and red deer.
In the beginning of Uda's reign, Mototsune held the office of kampaku. Emperor Uda's reign is marked by a prolonged struggle to reassert power by the Imperial Family away from the increasing influence of the Fujiwara, beginning with the death of Mototsune in 891. Records show that shortly thereafter, Emperor Uda assigned scholars Sukeyo and Kiyoyuki, supporters of Mototsune, to provincial posts in the remote provinces of Mutsu and Higo respectively. Meanwhile, non-Fujiwara officials mainly from the Minamoto family were promoted to prominent ranks, while his trusted counselor, Sugawara no Michizane rapidly rose in rank within five years to reach the third rank in the court, and supervision of the Crown Prince's household. Meanwhile, Mototsune's son and heir, Fujiwara no Tokihira, rose in rank, but only just enough to prevent an open power struggle. Meanwhile, Emperor Uda attempted to return Court politics to the original spirit envisioned in the Ritsuryō Codes, while reviving intellectual interest in Confucian doctrine and culture. In the seventh month of 896, Emperor Uda dispatched Sugawara no Michizane to review prisoners in the capitol and provide a general amnesty for the wrongfully accused, in keeping with Chinese practices. Emperor Uda also issued edicts reinforcing peasant land rights from encroachment by powerful families in the capital or monastic institutions, while auditing tax collections made in the provinces. Emperor Uda stopped the practice of sending ambassadors to China. The emperor's decision was informed by what he understood as persuasive counsel from Sugawara Michizane. The Special Festival of the Kamo Shrine was first held during Uda's reign. In 897, Uda abdicated in favor of his eldest son, Prince Atsuhito, who would later come to be known as Emperor Daigo. Uda left behind an hortatory will or testament which offered general admonitions or precepts for his son's guidance. The document praises Fujiwara no Tokihira as an advisor but cautions against his womanizing; and Sugawara no Michizane is praised as Uda's mentor. Both were assigned by Emperor Uda to look after his son until the latter reach maturity. Three years later, he entered the Buddhist priesthood at age 34 in 900. Having founded the temple at Ninna-ji, Uda made it his new home after his abdication. . Uda is amongst six other emperors entombed near what had been the residence of Hosokawa Katsumoto before the Ōnin War. His Buddhist name was Kongō Kaku. He was sometimes called "the Cloistered Emperor of Teiji," because the name of the Buddhist hall where he resided after becoming a priest was called Teijiin. Uda died in 931 at the age of 65. The actual site of Uda's grave is known. This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorialShintoshrine at Kyoto. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Uda's mausoleum. It is formally named Kaguragaoka no Higashi no misasagi. The former emperor is buried amongst the "Seven Imperial Tombs" at Ryoan-ji Temple in Kyoto. The mound which commemorates the Hosokawa Emperor Uda is today named O-uchiyama. The emperor's burial place would have been quite humble in the period after Uda died. These tombs reached their present state as a result of the 19th century restoration of imperial sepulchers which were ordered by Emperor Meiji.
Kugyō
Kugyō is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Uda's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:
Kampaku, Fujiwara no Mototsune , 836–891.
Daijō-daijin, Fujiwara no Mototsune.
Sadaijin, Minamoto no Tōru .
Sadaijin, Fujiwara no Yoshiyo .
Udaijin, Minamoto no Masaru .
Udaijin, Fujiwara no Yoshiyo .
Udaijin, Minamoto no Yoshiari .
Naidaijin
Dainagon
Eras of Uda's reign
The years of Uda's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.
Ninna
Kanpyō
Consorts and children
Consort : Fujiwara no Onshi, Fujiwara no Mototsune’s daughter
Imperial Princess Kinshi, married to Imperial Prince Atsuyoshi
Consort : Fujiwara no Inshi, Fujiwara no Takafuji’s daughter
First Son: Imperial Prince Atsugimi later Emperor Daigo
