Emission theory or extramission theory or extromissionism is the proposal that visual perception is accomplished by eye beams emitted by the eyes. This theory has been replaced by intromission theory, which states that visual perception comes from something representative of the object entering the eyes. Modern physics has confirmed that light is physically transmitted by photons from a light source, such as the sun, to visible objects, and finishing with the detector, such as a human eye or camera.
History
In the fifth centuryBCE, Empedocles postulated that everything was composed offour elements; fire, air, earth, and water. He believed that Aphrodite made the human eye out of the four elements and that she lit the fire in the eye which shone out from the eye, making sight possible. If this were true, then one could see during the night just as well as during the day, so Empedocles postulated an interaction between rays from the eyes and rays from a source such as the sun. Around 400 BCE, emission theory was held by Plato. Around 300 BCE, Euclid wrote Optics, in which he studied the properties of light. Euclid postulated that light travelled in straight lines and described the laws of reflection and studied them mathematically. He questioned that sight is the result of a beam from the eye, for he asked how one sees the stars immediately, if one closes one's eyes, then opens them at night. In 55 BCE, Lucretius, a Roman who carried on the ideas of earlier Greek atomists, wrote:
The light and heat of the sun; these are composed of minute atoms which, when they are shoved off, lose no time in shooting right across the interspace of air in the direction imparted by the shove. – Lucretius, De rerum natura
Despite being similar to later particle theories, Lucretius's views were not generally accepted; light was still theorized as emanating from the eye. Ptolemy wrote Optics, a work about the refraction of light, in which he developed a theory of vision that objects are seen by rays of light emanating from the eyes. Galen, also in the 2nd century, likewise endorsed the extramission theory. Due to his medical authority, his view held considerable influence in Europe for much of the following thousand years.
Evidence for the theory
Adherents of emission theory cited at least two lines of evidence for it. The custom of saluting is said by some to stem from the habit of Greek soldiers putting their hands up in front of their eyes to "shade" their eyes from the powerful "light" shining from the eyes of their commanders. The light from the eyes of some animals could also be seen in "darkness". Adherents of intromission theory countered by saying that if emission theory were true, then someone with weak eyes should have his or her vision improved when someone with good eyes looks at the same objects. Most argue that Euclid's version of emission theory was purely metaphorical, highlighting only the geometrical relations between eyes and objects. The geometry of classical optics is equivalent no matter which direction light is considered to be moving in, since light is modeled by its path, not as a moving object. Measuring the speed of light was one line of evidence that spelled the end of emission theory as anything other than a metaphor.
Refutation
was the first person to explain that vision occurs when light bounces on an object and then is directed to one's eyes. Isaac Newton, John Locke, and others, in the 18th century, firmly held, by contrast, that vision was not only intromissionist or intromittist, but rays that proceeded from seen objects were composed of actual matter, or corpuscles, that entered the seer's mind by way of the eye.
Persistence of the theory
Winer et al. have found evidence that as many as 50% of adults believe in emission theory.
While emission theory does not correctly explain vision, it does correctly describe the mechanism underlying echolocation and sonar. Namely, rays are emitted from the sensing organism or device, and information about the environment is inferred from the rays reflected back by objects.
