Ecclesiastical titles and styles
Ecclesiastical addresses are the formal styles of address used for members of the clergy.
Catholic Church
Latin Church clergy
United States
- Pope: Pope ; His Holiness; Your Holiness; Holy Father.
- Patriarch of an autonomous/particular church: Patriarch ; His Beatitude; Your Beatitude.
- Cardinal: Cardinal .; His Eminence; Your Eminence.
- Cardinal who is also an archbishop: Cardinal, Archbishop of ; His Eminence; Your Eminence.
- Archbishop: The Most Reverend,, Archbishop of ; bishops in the U.S. commonly indicate their terminal degree as postnominals, e.g., J.C.D. or S.T.D., or Ph.D. or D.D.; His Excellency; Your Excellency. Titular archbishops almost never indicate their respective sees in their titles.
- Bishop: The Most Reverend,, Bishop of ; bishops in the U.S. commonly indicate their terminal degree as postnominals, e.g., J.C.D., S.T.D., or Ph.D. or D.D.; His Excellency; Your Excellency. Titular bishops almost never indicate their respective sees in their titles.
- Abbot: The Right Reverend, ; The Right Reverend Abbot; Abbot ; Abbot ; Dom ; Father . The custom for address depends on personal custom and custom in the abbey.
- Abbess, Prioress, or other superior of a religious order of women or a province thereof: The Reverend Mother, ; Mother . The title of women religious superiors varies greatly, and the custom of a specific order should be noted.
- Protonotary Apostolic, Honorary Prelate, or Chaplain of His Holiness: The Reverend Monsignor ; Monsignor . The postnominals P.A. are often added for protonotaries apostolic. Postnominals are rarely added for honorary prelates or chaplains of His Holiness.
- Vicar General: The Very Reverend, V.G.; The Reverend, V.G.; Father .
- Judicial Vicar, Ecclesiastical Judge, Episcopal Vicar, Vicar Forane, Dean, Provincial Superior, or Rector: The Very Reverend ; Father .
- Prior, both superiors of or in monasteries, or of provinces or houses of a religious order: The Very Reverend, ; Father .
- Pastor of a parish, Parochial Vicar, Chaplain, or Priest: The Reverend ; Father .
- Permanent Deacon: The Reverend Mr. ; Deacon ; Deacon .
- Transitional Deacon, i.e., a deacon who is studying for the priesthood: The Reverend Deacon ; Deacon ; Deacon .
- Brother: Brother, ; Brother . In some teaching orders Brother is customary.
- Religious sister or nun: Sister, ; Sister ; Sister .
- Candidate for priestly ministry : The Reverend Seminarian ; Mr. ; Mr. .
- Candidate for diaconial or lay ministry : Mr. ; Mr. ''.
United Kingdom and some other English-speaking countries
- Archbishop: the Most Reverend ; addressed as Your Grace rather than His Excellency or Your Excellency.
- Bishop: "the Right Reverend" ; formally addressed as My Lord rather than Your Excellency. This style is an ancient one, and has been used in the western church for more than a thousand years; it corresponds to, but does not derive from, the Italian Monsignore and the French Monseigneur. However, most bishops prefer to be addressed simply as Bishop.
Clergy are often referred to with the title Doctor, or have D.D. placed after their name, where justified by their possession of such degree.
Italy
Similar to, and the source of, most of the U.S. English titles, with some variation:- Diocesan priest: The Reverend Lord ; Don.
- Religious priest: Padre; Father.
- Religious sister: The Reverend Sister.
- Deacon: Deacon.
The Philippines
- The Pope is always titled "Ang Kaniyáng Kabanalan". As such, the Pope is styled "Ang Kaniyáng Kabanalan Papa Francisco".
- A cardinal is formally styled and addressed as "Ang Kaniyáng Kabunyian", literally denoting "His Illustriousness". Cardinals are informally addressed as "Cardinal" followed by their names; for example, "Cardinal Juan". Unlike in the USA or nations of the Commonwealth, the name of a cardinal is always inscribed in the formula first name, "Cardinal", and last name; for example, "Juan Cardinal de la Cruz".
- An archbishop is titled "Ang Mahál na Arsobispo". Archbishops are often addressed as "Archbishop" followed by their names; for example, "Archbishop Juan de la Cruz".
- A bishop is titled "Ang Mahál na Obispo", in similar fashion to archbishops, and more commonly as "Ang Lubháng Kagalanggalang". Also similar to archbishops, bishops are often addressed as "Bishop" followed by their names; for example, "Bishop Juan de la Cruz".
- A monsignor is titled "Reberendo Monsenyor", although if he holds extra administrative office he is titled according to his office. Vicars general, forane, and episcopal are titled "Very Reverend". Monsignori are colloquially addressed as "Monsignor". As defined, the inscribed title is "Monsignor" followed by first and then last name, or "The Reverend Monsignor" followed by first and then last name, while the spoken address is "Monsignor" followed by only last name.
- Priests, both diocesan and those of a religious order, are titled "Reberendo Padre" before their first and then last names. Priests are colloquially addressed as "Father" before either their true name or nickname.
- A deacon is titled "Reberendo" ; for example, "Reverend Juan de la Cruz". Deacons are rarely titled "Deacon" followed by their names as in the United States. Instead, they are colloquially addressed as "Rev." in contrast to priests who are addressed as "Father".
- Consecrated persons:
- * Religious sisters are titled "Sister". Superiors are optionally titled "Mother" and are usually addressed formally as "Reverend Sister/Mother" ; for example, "Rev. Sr. Juana de la Cruz, OP" or "Rev. Mo. Juana de la Cruz, OSB". Contemplative nuns are formally and colloquially titled "Sor", a truncation of "Soror", which is Latin for "Sister". Prioresses and abbesses are formally addressed as "Reverend Mother".
- * Religious brothers who are not priests are titled "Brother" ; for example, "Br. Juan de la Cruz, OFM". Like their female counterparts, contemplative monks are addressed as "Fra", a truncation of "Frater", which is Latin for "Brother". Sometimes monks who are priests are also addressed as "Fra".
Eastern Catholic clergy
- Archbishop or Bishop: In Arabic, a bishop is titled "Sayedna", while in churches of Syriac tradition he is titled "Mar". If an Eastern Catholic archbishop or patriarch is made a cardinal he may be addressed as "His Eminence" and "Your Eminence", or the hybrid "His Beatitude and Eminence" and "Your Beatitude and Eminence".
- Priest: In Arabic, "Abouna" and in Greek "Pappas".
- Deacon: Identical to that of a priest in all ways except sometimes in the use of "Father Deacon".
- Subdeacon: "Reverend Subdeacon" in inscribed address, and the Christian name with or without "Brother" is usually used, except in some traditions that use "Father Subdeacon". In Arabic, this is confused by "Shammas" being used for both the subdiaconate and the diaconate, the distinction being a "Deacon of the Letter" and a "Deacon of the Gospel" respectively. Often a deacon will be addressed as "Father" and a subdeacon as "Brother" to distinguish them.
- Reader: "Reader" or "Brother" depending on the preference of the addresser.
- Seminarians: "Brother" and "Brother Seminarian" are the most common titles; the appellations "Father Seminarian" and "Father Student" are used only by rural Greek- and Arabic-speaking laity.
- Tonsured persons without a title: "Brother".
Eastern Orthodox Church
- Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople: Ecumenical Patriarch John II, His All-Holiness, Your All-Holiness
- Patriarch: Patriarch John II of Terirem, Patriarch John, His Beatitude, Your Beatitude
- * Note: Some Patriarchs use the honorific "His/Your Holiness"
- Archbishop
- * of an independent Church: The Most Reverend Archbishop John of Terirem, Archbishop John, His Beatitude, Your Beatitude
- * of a sub-national Church: The Most Reverend Archbishop John of Terirem, Archbishop John, His Eminence, Your Eminence
- Metropolitan: The Most Reverend Metropolitan John of Terirem, Metropolitan John, His Eminence, Your Eminence
- * Titular Metropolitan: The Most Reverend Metropolitan John of Terirem, His Excellency, Your Excellency
- * Note: Some Metropolitans use the style "The Very Most Reverend"
- * Note: A Metropolitan who is the head of an independent Church is addressed as "Beatitude" rather than "Excellency"
- Bishop: The Right Reverend Bishop John of Terirem, Bishop John, His Grace, Your Grace
- * Titular/Auxiliary Bishop: same as for Bishops, above
- * Other Languages: Sayedna, Despota, Vladika
- Priest : The Reverend Father John Smith, Father John
- * Protopriest: The Very Reverend Protopriest John Smith, Father John
- * Archpriest: The Very Reverend Archpriest John Smith, Father John
- * Archimandrite: The Very Reverend Archimandrite John, or The Right Reverend Archimandrite John, Father John
- * Hieromonk : The Reverend Hieromonk John, Father John
- * Other Languages: Abouna, Pappas, Batushka
- * Priest's Wife: Presbytera Mary, Khouria Mary, Matushka Mary, Popadiya Mary, Panimatushka Mary, Preoteasa Mary
- Deacon: The Reverend Father John Smith, Deacon John Smith, Father John, Deacon Father John, Deacon John
- * Protodeacon: The Reverend Protodeacon John Smith, Father John, Deacon Father John, Deacon John
- * Archdeacon: The Reverend Archdeacon John Smith, Father John, Deacon Father John, Deacon John
- * Hierodeacon : The Reverend Hierodeacon John, Father John
- * Deacon's Wife: Diakonissa Mary, or the same titles as a priest's wife
- Abbot: The Right Reverend Abbot John, Abbot John, Father John
- Abbess: The Reverend Mother Superior Mary, The Very Reverend Abbess Mary, Reverend Mother Mary, Mother Mary
- Monk: Monk John, Father John
- * Rassophore Monk: Rassophore Monk John, Father John
- * Stavrophore Monk: Stavrophore Monk John, Father John
- * Schemamonk: Schemamonk John, Father John
- * Novice: Novice John, John; or Brother John
- ** Note: the title "Brother" is a result of Latin influence; the title is only given to some novices with a special blessing.
- Nun: Nun Mary, Mother Mary
- * Rassophore Nun: Rassophore Nun Mary, Sister Mary
- * Novice: Sister Mary
Protestantism
Lutheranism
- Archbishops/Presiding Bishops: the Most Reverend ; Archbishop /Presiding Bishop.
- Bishops: Bishop ; Reverend Bishop ; the Right Reverend.
- Pastors: the Reverend ; Pastor.
- Deacons: Deacon.
- Vicars: Vicar.
- Seminarians: the Reverend Seminarian.
- Ecclesiastical Doctors, e.g., Ph.D., Dr. sc. rel., Dr. mph., Dr. sc. bs., et al.: Reverend Doctor.
Anglicanism
- Deacons are styled as The Reverend, The Reverend Deacon, or The Reverend Mr/Mrs/Miss.
- Priests are usually styled as The Reverend, The Reverend Father/Mother or The Reverend Mr/Mrs/Miss.
- Heads of some women's religious orders are styled as The Reverend Mother.
- Canons are often styled as The Reverend Canon.
- Deans are usually styled as The Very Reverend.
- Archdeacons are usually styled as The Venerable.
- Priors of monasteries may be styled as The Very Reverend.
- Abbots of monasteries may be styled as The Right Reverend.
- Bishops are styled as The Right Reverend or His Lordship.
- Archbishops and primates, including the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishop of Meath and Kildare are styled as The Most Reverend, and addressed as Your Grace.
Methodism
- Deacons, Ordained Elders, and Licensed ministers/priesters are addressed as Reverend, unless they hold a doctorate, in which case they are often addressed in formal situations as The Reverend Doctor. The Reverend, however, is used in more formal or in written communication, in addition to His/Her Reverence or Your Reverence. In informal situations Reverend is used.
- Bishops are styled as Bishop or Your Grace.
- Religious brothers and sisters are styled as Br. or Sr.; for example, if their name was John Smith and they belonged to a religious order, they would be addressed as Brother John Smith.