Devorismo


Devorismo was the pejorative term to describe the political regime which established itself in Portugal following the Liberal Wars, particularly during the period from 24 September 1834 to 9 September 1836, while the Constitutional Charter of 1826 was in effect. It was intended to convey a sense of unprincipled greed, whereby leading politicians spent public funds in abundance to secure personal gain for themselves or their associates. The term was coined after a piece of legislation was drafted on 15 April 1835, which provided for the sale of national property and property of the Catholic Church, and facilitated their disposal among leading members of the liberal party.
One if the great reforms of this period was the reform of local administration, which divided the country into seventeen districts on 25 April 1835), also creating three new districts Madeira and the Azores. The position of Civil Governor was established, with postholders choosing mayors, who in turn chose parish commissioners. These reforms, with their substantially centralising effect, were used to steadily remove radicals from positions of power and replace them with those who had favoured the cause of Miguel I and the return of an absolute monarchy.

Devorismo Governments

First government: Duque de Palmela">Pedro de Sousa Holstein, 1st Duke of Palmela">Duque de Palmela

The first devorista government took office on the day King Pedro IV died, on 24 September 1834. Led by the Duque de Palmela, it was composed of conservatives and the late king's associates in the Grand Orient of Portugal Masonic lodge. After 28 April 1835, Palmela was succeeded by Count of Linhares. The members of the government were:
MinistryMinisterTerm
Interior

24 September 1834 - 16 February 1835
16 February 1835 a 27 May 1835
Church Affairs and JusticeAntónio de Barreto Ferraz de Vasconcelos

24 September 1834 - 28 April 1835
from 28 April 1835
Finance and Public Administration24 September 1834 - 27 May 1835
WarDuque da Terceira
Conde de Vila Real
24 September 1834 - 20 March 1835
from 20 March 1835
Navy and ColoniesAgostinho José Freire
Conde de Vila Real
Vitorio Maria de Sousa Coutinho
24 September 1834 - 16 February 1835
16 February 1835 - 28 April 1835
from 28 April 1835
Foreign AffairsConde de Vila Rea l
Duque de Palmela
Conde de Vila Real
24 September 1834 - 16 February 1835
16 February 1835 - 28 April 1835
from 28 April 1835

Second government: Carlos de Saldanha Oliveira e Daun, 1st Duke of Saldanha|Duque de Saldanha]]

The second devoristo government took office on 27 May 1835 and served until 18 November. On assuming the premiership the Duque de Saldanha removed all those described disparagingly by those loyal to the late King Miguel as chamorros and opened up cabinet membership to a wider range of masonic lodges: and Duque de Loulé, more radical members of the Maçonaria do Sul lodge now served alongside and from the Grande Oriente Lusitano as well as Rodrigo da Fonseca Passos Manuel, who named various members of the Maçonaria do Norte, of which Passos Manuel was a member, to positions as civil governors and council administrators.
Saldanha's government fell for two main reasons. The first had to do with a heavily-contested decree of 3 November which auctioned off publicly owned estuarine lands of the Tejo and Sado River. The other was the sending of the Auxiliary Division to Spain at the request of its government to support Isabel II against her uncle Carlos, who was claiming the throne. The members of this government were:
MinistryMinisterTerm
Interior

27 May 1835 - 15 July 1835
15 July 1835 - 18 November 1835
Church Affairs and Justice
João de Sousa Pinto de Magalhães
27 May 1835 - 15 July
15 July 1835 - 18 November 1835
Public Administration
José da Silva Carvalho
27 May 1835 - 15 July 1835
15 July 1835 - 18 November 1835
WarDuque de Saldanha27 May 1835 - 18 November 1835
Navy and ColoniesDuque de Loulé

27 May 1835 - 25 July 1835
25 July 1835 - 18 November 1835
Foreign AffairsDuque de Palmela27 May 1835 - 18 November 1835

Third Government: [José Jorge Loureiro]

The third devorist government took office on 18 November 1835 with Saldanha once again as its leader, until 25 November. It lasted until 20 April 1836. Its stated purpose was to defend ‘morality, the economy and freedom from special interests.’ To demonstrate their commitment, ministers reduced their own salaries by one half, in contrast to the approach of the previous Fonseca administration. The Loureiro government fell following the failure of Finance Minister Francisco António de Campos to secure a majority for his budget. The government was composed of:
MinistryMinisterTerm
InteriorSá da Bandeira
Luís da Silva Mouzinho de Albuquerque
18–25 November 1835
25 November 1835
Church Affairs and JusticeManuel António Velez Caldeira Castelo Branco18 November 1835 - 20 April 1836
Finance and Public AdministrationFrancisco António de Campos
José Jorge Loureiro
18 November 1835 - 6 April 1836
from 6 April 1836
WarJosé Jorge Loureirofrom 6 April 1836
Navy and the ColoniesSá da Bandeira18 November 1835 - 20 April 1836
Foreign AffairsMarquês de Loulé18 November 1835 - 20 April 1836

Fourth Government: Duque da Terceira">António José Severim de Noronha, 1st Duke of Terceira">Duque da Terceira

The fourth and final government was led by the Duque da Terceira, and lasted from 20 April to 9 September 1836. It was essentially aristocratic in composition, characterised as chamorro and full of palmelistas, and dominated once again by the Grand Orient Lodge.
Among the measures it took was the closing down of the radical leftist. To improve security it created a Municipal Guard for Porto and strengthened the Municipal Guard in Lisbon. When arson destroyed the Royal Exchequer, it was assumed that the government itself was responsible, seeking to conceal its misspending.
The devorista period came to an end in September 1836 with the September Revolution. The opposition representatives from the north of the country arrived in Lisbon on 9 September, prompting a popular revolt which the National Guard joined. On 11 September the Duque da Terceira resigned, and the Queen took an oath to the Constitution of 1822. This was the start of “Setembrismo.” The ministers of the Terceira government were:
MinistryMinisterTerm
Interior20 April - 9 September 1836
JusticeJoaquim António de Aguiar20 April - 9 September 1836
Finance and Public Affairs20 April - 9 September 1836
WarDuque da Terceira20 April - 9 September 1836
Navy20 April - 9 September 1836
Foreign Affairs20 April - 9 September 1836