Dependent personality disorder
Dependent personality disorder is a personality disorder that is characterized by a pervasive psychological dependence on other people. This personality disorder is a long-term condition in which people depend on others to meet their emotional and physical needs, with only a minority achieving normal levels of independence. Dependent personality disorder is a Cluster C personality disorder, characterized by excessive fear and anxiety. It begins by early adulthood, and it is present in a variety of contexts and is associated with inadequate functioning. Symptoms can include anything from extreme passivity, devastation or helplessness when relationships end, avoidance of responsibilities and severe submission.
Signs and symptoms
People who have dependent personality disorder are overdependent on other people when it comes to making decisions. They cannot make a decision on their own as they need constant approval from other people. Consequently, individuals diagnosed with DPD tend to place needs and opinions of others above their own as they do not have the confidence to trust their decisions. This kind of behaviour can explain why people with DPD tend to show passive and clingy behaviour. These individuals display a fear of separation and cannot stand being alone. When alone, they experience feelings of isolation and loneliness due to their overwhelming dependence on other people. Generally people with DPD are also pessimistic: they expect the worst out of situations or believe that the worst will happen. They tend to be more introverted and are more sensitive to criticism and fear rejection.Risk factors
People with a history of neglect and an abusive upbringing are more susceptible to develop DPD, specifically those involved in long-term abusive relationships. Those with overprotective or authoritarian parents are also more at risk to develop DPD. Having a family history of anxiety disorder can play a role in the development of DPD as a 2004 twin study found a 0.81 heritability for personality disorders collectively.Causes
The exact cause of dependent personality disorder is unknown. A study in 2012 estimated that between 55% and 72% of the risk of the condition is inherited from one's parents. The difference between a "dependent personality" and a "dependent personality disorder" is somewhat subjective, which makes diagnosis sensitive to cultural influences such as gender role expectations.Dependent traits in children tended to increase with parenting behaviours and attitudes characterized by overprotectiveness and authoritarianism. Thus the likelihood of developing dependent personality disorder increased, since these parenting traits can limit them from developing a sense of autonomy, rather teaching them that others are powerful and competent.
Traumatic or adverse experiences early in an individual's life, such as neglect and abuse or serious illness, can increase the likelihood of developing personality disorders, including dependent personality disorder, later on in life. This is especially prevalent for those individuals who also experience high interpersonal stress and poor social support.
There is a higher frequency of the disorder seen in women than men, hence expectations relating to gender role may contribute to some extent.
Diagnosis
Clinicians and clinical researchers conceptualize dependent personality disorder in terms of four related components:- Cognitive: a perception of oneself as powerless and ineffectual, coupled with the belief that other people are comparatively powerful and potent.
- Motivational: a desire to obtain and maintain relationships with protectors and caregivers.
- Behavioral: a pattern of relationship-facilitating behavior designed to strengthen interpersonal ties and minimize the possibility of abandonment and rejection.
- Emotional: fear of abandonment, fear of rejection, and anxiety regarding evaluation by figures of authority.
American Psychiatric Association
DSM
The diagnosis of personality disorders in the fourth edition Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, including dependent personality disorder, has been found to be problematic due to reasons such as excessive diagnostic comorbidity, inadequate coverage, arbitrary boundaries with normal psychological functioning, and heterogeneity among individuals within the same categorial diagnosis.In the DSM-5, there is one criterion by which there are eight features of dependent personality disorder. The disorder is indicated by at least five of the following factors:
- Has difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others.
- Needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas of their life.
- Has difficulty expressing disagreement with others because of fear of loss of support or approval.
- Has difficulty initiating projects or doing things on their own.
- Goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance and support from others, to the point of volunteering to do things that are unpleasant.
- Feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone because of exaggerated fears of being unable to care for themselves.
- Urgently seeks another relationship as a source of care and support when a close relationship ends.
- Is unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to take care of themselves.
World Health Organization
It is characterized by at least 4 of the following:It is a requirement of ICD-10 that a diagnosis of any specific personality disorder also satisfies a set of general personality disorder criteria.Associated features may include perceiving oneself as helpless, incompetent, and lacking stamina.
- Encouraging or allowing others to make most of one's important life decisions;
- Subordination of one's own needs to those of others on whom one is dependent, and undue compliance with their wishes;
- Unwillingness to make even reasonable demands on the people one depends on;
- Feeling uncomfortable or helpless when alone, because of exaggerated fears of inability to care for oneself;
- Preoccupation with fears of being abandoned by a person with whom one has a close relationship, and of being left to care for oneself;
- Limited capacity to make everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others.
Includes:
- Asthenic, inadequate, passive, and self-defeating personality
SWAP-200
The SWAP-200 is a diagnostic tool that was proposed with the goal of overcoming limitations, such as limited external validity for the diagnostic criteria for dependent personality disorder, to the DSM. It serves as a possible alternative nosological system that emerged from the efforts to create an empirically based approach to personality disorders - while also preserving the complexity of clinical reality. Dependent personality disorder is considered a clinical prototype in the context of the SWAP-200. Rather than discrete symptoms, it provides composite description characteristic criteria - such as personality tendencies.Based on the Q-Sort method and prototype matching, the SWAP-200 is a personality assessment procedure relying on an external observer's judgment. It provides:
- A personality diagnosis expressed as the matching with ten prototypical descriptions of DSM-IV personality disorders.
- A personality diagnosis based on the matching of the patient with 11 Q-factors of personality derived empirically.
- A dimensional profile of healthy and adaptive functioning.
- They tend to become attached quickly and/or intensely, developing feelings and expectations that are not warranted by the history or context of the relationship.
- Since they tend to be ingratiating and submissive, people with DPD tend to be in relationships in which they are emotionally or physically abused.
- They tend to feel ashamed, inadequate, and depressed.
- They also feel powerless and tend to be suggestible.
- They are often anxious and tend to feel guilty.
- These people have difficulty acknowledging and expressing anger and struggle to get their own needs and goals met.
- Unable to soothe or comfort themselves when distressed, they require involvement of another person to help regulate their emotions.
Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual
- Passive-aggressive
- Counter-dependent
- The anaclitic/introjective dimension.
- The relatedness/self-definition dimension.
- Preoccupation with relationships
- Fear of abandonment and of rejection
- Seeking closeness and intimacy
- Difficulty managing interpersonal boundaries
- Tend to have an anxious-preoccupied attachment style.
Differential diagnosis
There are similarities between individuals with dependent personality disorder and individuals with borderline personality disorder, in that they both have a fear of abandonment. Those with dependent personality disorder do not exhibit impulsive behaviour, unstable affect, and poor self-image experienced by those with borderline personality disorder, differentiating the two disorders.The following conditions commonly coexist with dependent personality disorder:
- mood disorders
- anxiety disorders
- adjustment disorder
- borderline personality disorder
- avoidant personality disorder
- histrionic personality disorder
Treatment
Medication can be used to treat patients who suffer from depression or anxiety because of their DPD, but this does not treat the core problems caused by DPD. Individuals who take these prescription drugs are susceptible to addiction and substance abuse and therefore may require monitoring.
Epidemiology
Based on a recent survey of 43,093 Americans, 0.49% of adults meet diagnostic criteria for DPD.Traits related to DPD, like most personality disorders emerge in childhood or early adulthood. Findings from the NESArC study found that 18 to 29 year olds have a greater chance of developing DPD. DPD is more common among women compared to men as 0.6% of women have DPD compared to 0.4% of men.
A 2004 twin study suggests a heritability of 0.81 for developing dependent personality disorder. Because of this, there is significant evidence that this disorder runs in families.
Children and adolescents with a history of anxiety disorders and physical illnesses are more susceptible to acquiring this disorder.
Millon's subtypes
Psychologist Theodore Millon identified five adult subtypes of dependent personality disorder. Any individual dependent may exhibit none or one of the following:Subtype | Description | Personality Traits |
Disquieted dependent | Including avoidant features | Restlessly perturbed; disconcerted and fretful; feels dread and foreboding; apprehensively vulnerable to abandonment; lonely unless near supportive figures. |
Selfless dependent | Including masochistic features | Merges with and immersed into another; is engulfed, enshrouded, absorbed, incorporated, willingly giving up own identity; becomes one with or an extension of another. |
Immature dependent | Variant of "pure" pattern | Unsophisticated, half-grown, unversed, childlike; undeveloped, inexperienced, gullible, and unformed; incapable of assuming adult responsibilities. |
Accommodating dependent | Including histrionic features | Gracious, neighborly, eager, benevolent, compliant, obliging, agreeable; denies disturbing feelings; adopts submissive and inferior role well. |
Ineffectual dependent | Including schizoid features | Unproductive, gainless, incompetent, meritless; seeks untroubled life; refuses to deal with difficulties; untroubled by shortcomings. |