Fluorosis was not identified as a problem until relatively recently. Few attempts to defluoridate water came before the 20th century. In the 1930s several nations began to investigate fluoride's negative effects and how best to remove it. An aluminum and sand filter that removes fluorine from water was devised by Dr. S. P. Kramer in 1933; in 1945 M. Kenneth received a French patent for a water defluoridation technique; and in 1952 a functioning activated alumina community defluoridation plant was commissioned in Bartlett, Texas, USA.
Techniques
While various defluoridation techniques have been explored, each has its limitations. Existing techniques are often too costly, ineffective or even dangerous. The main techniques that have been, and continue to be, investigated with varying degrees of success include: adsorption, precipitation, ion exchange and membrane processes. Adsorption can be achieved with locally available adsorbent materials with high efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Cost-effective and locally-available herbal and indigenous products offer promising options. The process is dependent on pH and the presence of sulfate, phosphate, and bicarbonate which results in ionic competition. Disposal of fluoride-laden sludge is problematic. Precipitation is the most well-established and most widely used method, particularly at the community level. However, it has only moderate efficiency and a high chemical dose is required. Excessive use of aluminum salts produces sludge and adverse health effects through aluminum solubility. Ion Exchange removes fluoride up to 90-95% and retains the taste and colour of the water. Sulphates, phosphates, and bicarbonates also result in ionic competition in this method. Relatively high cost is a disadvantage and treated water sometimes has a low pH value and high levels of chloride. Membrane processes are effective technique and do not require chemicals. It works at wide pH range and interference by other ions is negligible. Negatives include higher costs and it skilled labour. This process is not suitable for water with high salinity. Calcium amended-hydroxyapatite is the most recent defluoridation technique in which aqueous calcium is amended to the fluoride contaminated water prior to contact with uncalcined synthetichydroxyapatite adsorbent. In this novel defluoridation technique, amending aqueous calcium successfully prevents the dissolution of hydroxyapatite during the defluoridation and also enhances the defluoridation capacity of hydroxyapatite. In addition to these features, this ″calcium amended-hydroxyapatite″ defluoridation technique provides calcium-enriched alkaline drinking water and drinking of this defluoridated water may also help in fluorosis reversal. Thus, it is expected that utilization of this defluoridation technique to provide safe drinking water helps in the mitigation of fluorosis.
