Deal or No Deal

Deal or No Deal is the name of several closely related television game shows, the first of which was the Dutch Miljoenenjacht produced by French content production company Banijay. It is played with up to 26 cases, each containing randomly assigned sums of money. The player claims one case or a box at the start of the game, without its contents being revealed. The contestant then chooses the other cases or boxes, one at a time, to be immediately opened and removed from play. Throughout the game, the player is offered an amount of money or prizes to quit, being asked the titular question, "Deal or no deal?" If the contestant rejects every deal and eliminates all the other cases or boxes, the player keeps the money that was in the original case or box. Thus, the contestant "wins" depending on whether the player should have taken one of the deals or should have held onto the original case or box until the very end.

Gameplay

The gameplay of the show differs from country to country. In some countries, there is a preliminary contest in which the studio audience is whittled down to one final contender by several trivia question rounds, this final contender then proceeds to the main game. This was the format used by the Dutch show "Miljoenenjacht" which initiated the "Deal or no Deal" game. There are also some versions with the number of players equal to the number of cases, each player receives one case. Via a short trivia round or a random selection, one player is selected to be the contestant for the main game with his case. In other countries, there is only one preselected contestant who will play the main game without any preliminary contest.
The main game revolves around the opening of a set of numbered briefcases, each of which contains a different prize. The contents of all of the cases are known at the start of the game, but the specific location of any prize is unknown. The contestant claims a case to begin the game. The case's value is not revealed until the conclusion of the game.
The contestant then begins choosing cases that are to be removed from play. The amount inside each chosen case is immediately revealed; by process of elimination, the amount revealed cannot be inside the case the contestant initially claimed. Throughout the game, after a predecided number of cases have been opened, the "Banker" offers the contestant an amount of money and/or prizes to quit the game; the offer is based roughly on the amounts remaining in play and the contestant's demeanor, so the bank tries to 'buy' the contestant's case for a lower price than what's inside the case. The player then answers the titular question, choosing:

"Deal", accepting the offer presented and ending the game, or
"No Deal", rejecting the offer and continuing the game.

This process of removing cases and receiving offers continues, until either the player accepts an offer to 'deal', or all offers have been rejected and the values of all unchosen cases are revealed. Should a player end the game by taking a deal, a pseudo-game is continued from that point to see how much the player could have won by remaining in the game. Depending on subsequent choices and offers, it is determined whether or not the contestant made a "good deal", i.e. won more than if the game were allowed to continue.
Since the range of possible values is known at the start of each game, how much the banker offers at any given point changes based on what values have been eliminated. To promote suspense and lengthen games, the banker's offer is usually less than the expected value dictated by probability theory, particularly early in the game. Generally, the offers early in the game are very low relative to the values still in play, but near the end of the game approach the average of the remaining values.
Only a few people have ever won the top prize on any version of the show. For a contestant to win the top prize the player would have to select the case containing the top prize and reject every offer the banker makes during the game. The chances of a player selecting the top prize are 4–5% depending on how many amounts are in the game.

International versions

Country	Name	Hosts	Channel	Premiere date	End date	Top prize
			Tolo TV
	Kutia	Enkel Demi	TV Klan
		Eno Popi	Top Channel
		Sofiane Dani	Echourouk TV		present
Arab Maghreb		Moez Toumi	Nessma TV
Arab world		Amir Karara	MBC1
Arab world	Deal or No Deal	Michel Sanan	LBC
	Trato Hecho	Julian Weich	Telefe
	Trato Hecho	Santiago Del Moro	Telefe		Upcoming
		?	Armenia TV
	Deal or No Deal	Andrew O'Keefe	Seven Network			AU$2,000,000 AU$200,000
	Deal or No Deal	Rainhard Fendrich	ORF1
	Davam Ya Tamam	Idris Cafarov	Space TV
	Davam Ya Tamam	Murad Dadashov	Azad Azerbaijan TV
	Miljoenenjacht	Walter Grootaers	Vtm
	Te Nemen Of Te Laten	Felice	VijfTV
	Tek It or Leave It	Angela Gegg	Channel 5
	Topa ou Não Topa		SBT		present
		Rumen Lukanov	Nova Television
		Ith Setha	CTN			10,000,000 KHR
	Deal or No Deal Canada	Howie Mandel	Global			CA$1,000,000
	Le Banquier	Julie Snyder	TVA			CA$500,000
	Trato Hecho	Don Francisco	Canal 13			CL$120,000,000
	¡Allá Tú!	Julián Elfenbein	Chilevision			CL$10,000,000
		Cheng Qian	BTV-8			1,000,000 points
		Chen Huan Tian Yue Zuo Yan Huang Ziwen	ZJSTV			CN¥100,000
	¡Hay Trato!	Julio Correal Carlos Calero	Canal Caracol			COL$210,000,000
	Trato Hecho	Gustavo Rojas	Teletica			₡25,000,000
	Uzmi ili ostavi	Željko Pervan Mirko Fodor Mario Petreković	HRT 2			500,000Kn
	Ber nebo neber	Pavel Zuna	TV Prima			5,000,000 Kč
	Deal or No Deal	Casper Christensen	TV 2			2,000,000 Kr
	Trato Hecho con Nestlé	Frank Perozo Mía Taveras	Antena Latina			RD$3,000,000
	Trato Hecho	Roberto Angelelli	Teleamazonas			US$100,000
	El Familión Nestlé Trato Hecho	Daniel Sarcos	Gama TV and Red Telesistema			US$100,000
		Razan Maghrebi	Al-Hayat TV			E£250,000 E£500,000
		Maya Diab	Al-Nahar TV			E£250,000
	Trato Hecho	Daniel Rucks	TCS			US$50,000
	Võta või jäta	Alari Kivisaar	TV3			1,000,000 krooni
	Võta või jäta	Alari Kivisaar	TV3			€100,000
	Ota tai jätä	Pauli Aalto-Setälä	Nelonen			€500,000
	À prendre ou à laisser	Arthur	TF1			€500,000 €1,000,000
	À prendre ou à laisser	Julien Courbet	D8			€100,000
	À prendre ou à laisser	Cyril Hanouna	C8		present	€250,000
		Misha Mshvildadze Duta Skhirtladze	Rustavi 2			50,000 ლარი
	Die Chance deines Lebens	Kai Pflaume	Sat.1			DM10,000,000
	Der MillionenDeal	Linda de Mol	Sat.1			€2,000,000
	Deal or No Deal – Die Show der Glücksspirale	Guido Cantz	Sat.1			€250,000
	Deal or No Deal	Wayne Carpendale	Sat.1			€250,000
	Deal	Christos Ferendinos	ANT1			€200,000 €150,000
	Deal	Christos Ferendinos	Alpha TV		present	€60,000
	Super Deal	Christos Ferendinos	ANT1			€500,000
	Trato Hecho	Erick Chavarría	Televicentro			Lps.1,000,000
	一擲千金 Deal or No Deal	Michael Hui	TVB Jade			HK$3,000,000
	一擲千金 Deal or No Deal	Alfred Cheung	TVB Jade			HK$3,000,000
	Áll az alku	Gábor Gundel Takács	TV2			50,000,000 Ft
	Áll az alku	Gábor Gundel Takács	TV2			100,000,000 Ft
	Áll az alku	Áron Kovács	TV2			21,000,000 Ft
	Áll az alku	Gábor Gundel Takács	TV2			100,000,000 Ft
	Áll az alku	Gábor Gundel Takács	TV2			100,000,000 Ft
	Áll az alku	Gábor Gundel Takács	TV2			100,000,000 Ft
	Deal Ya No Deal	R. Madhavan Mandira Bedi Rajeev Khandelwal	SET			₹10,000,000
	Deala No Deala	Rishi	Sun TV			₹5,000,000
	Deal or No Deal	Mukesh	Surya TV			₹5,000,000
	Deal or No Deal	Sai Kumar	Gemini TV			₹5,000,000
	Deal or No Deal	Sai Kumar	Udaya TV			₹5,000,000
	Deal or No Deal	Ronit Roy	&TV			₹10,000,000
	Deal or No Deal Indonesia	Tantowi Yahya	RCTI			Rp. 2,000,000,000
	Deal or No Deal	Deddy Corbuzier	antv			Rp. 1,000,000,000
	Deal or No Deal Indonesia	Cak Lontong	Global TV			Rp. 500,000,000
	تمام یا دوام Tamam Ya Davam	Sina Valiollah	FARSI1			US$20,000
	Deal or No Deal	Keith Barry	TV3			€250,000
	הדיל הגדול Hadil Hagadol	Moran Atias	Channel 10			₪ 1,500,000
	דיל או לא דיל Dil o Lo Dil	Moran Atias	Channel 10			₪ 1,500,000
	Affari Tuoi	Paolo Bonolis Pupo Antonella Clerici Flavio Insinna Max Giusti	Rai 1			€500,000 €1,000,000
	The Digicel Deal or No Deal	Simon Crosskill	TVJ			JM$3,000,000
	ザ・ディール Za Dīru	Shinsuke Shimada	TBS			¥10,000,000
	Deal or No Deal	Saad Zghoul Anas Hamdan	Channel 1 Roya TV Awraas TV ON		present	JOD100,000,000
	Удачная сделка Udachnaya sdelka	Shah-Kerim Karmenov	Khabar		present	₸3,000,000
	Deal or No Deal	Michel Sannan	Murr Television			ل.ل. 200,000,000
	Taip arba Ne	Marijonas Mikutavičius	TV3 Lithuania			200,000Lt. 500,000Lt.
	Deal or No Deal Malaysia	Aanont Wathanasin	ntv7			RM100,000
	一擲千金 Yi zhi qian jin	Goh Wee Ping Owen Yap	ntv7			RM100,000
	Deal or No Deal Malta	Paulo Micallef	TVM			€25,000
	Vas o No Vas	Héctor Sandarti	Televisa			MX$1,000,000 MX$5,000,000
	Yoo si voy	Raul Araiza	Televisa			MX$2,500,000
	¿Te la juegas?	Luis García	TV Azteca			MX$1,000,000
	Da sau Nu	Dan Negru	:ro:Prime\|Prime		present	250,000 lei
	Deal or No Deal Myanmar	Kaung Htet Zaw	MRTV-4			2,000,000 Ks
	Miljoenenjacht and season	Linda de Mol	TROS, Tien, RTL4		present	€5,000,000
	Deal or No Deal small program	Beau van Erven Dorens	Tien, RTL5			€250,000
	Deal or No Deal	Jeremy Corbett	TV3			NZ$200,000
	Deal or No Deal Nigeria	John Fashanu	M-Net Africa			US$100,000
	Земи или остави Zemi ili ostavi	Igor Dzambazov	ALFA TV			MKD6,000,000Flag\|North MacedoniaDate table sorting\|December 18, 2011Flag\|NorwayDate table sorting\|September 30, 2006Date table sorting\|2007Flag\|PanamaDate table sorting\|2006Date table sorting\|2007Flag\|PanamaDate table sorting\|March 29, 2010Date table sorting\|2012Flag\|PeruDate table sorting\|August 8, 2005Date table sorting\|December 9, 2005Flag\|PeruDate table sorting\|September 12, 2016Date table sorting\|December 21, 2016Flag\|PhilippinesDate table sorting\|June 5, 2006Date table sorting\|March 27, 2009Flag\|PhilippinesDate table sorting\|February 25, 2012Date table sorting\|September 28, 2013Flag\|PhilippinesDate table sorting\|February 9, 2015Date table sorting\|March 4, 2016Flag\|PolandDate table sorting\|October 1, 2005Date table sorting\|August 31, 2007Flag\|PortugalDate table sorting\|January 28, 2006Date table sorting\|2006Flag\|RomaniaDate table sorting\|September 5, 2005Date table sorting\|2006Flag\|RomaniaDate table sorting\|March 1, 2008Date table sorting\|2009Flag\|RussiaDate table sorting\|September 20, 2004Date table sorting\|January 5, 2005Flag\|RussiaDate table sorting\|April 17, 2006Date table sorting\|September 22, 2006Flag\|SerbiaDate table sorting\|May 7, 2007Date table sorting\|June 12, 2008Flag\|SingaporeDate table sorting\|May 13, 2007Date table sorting\|January 31, 2008Flag\|SlovakiaDate table sorting\|September 2005Date table sorting\|November 7, 2006Flag\|SlovakiaDate table sorting\|January 5, 2018Date table sorting\|December 29, 2018Flag\|SloveniaDate table sorting\|2005Date table sorting\|2007Flag\|SloveniaDate table sorting\|2007Date table sorting\|2008Flag\|South AfricaDate table sorting\|February 4, 2007Date table sorting\|2008Flag\|South AfricaDate table sorting\|October 19, 2007Date table sorting\|January 9, 2009Flag\|South KoreaDate table sorting\|2006Date table sorting\|July 2007Flag\|SpainDate table sorting\|January 26, 2004Date table sorting\|2008Flag\|SpainDate table sorting\|January 10, 2011Date table sorting\|November 4, 2011Flag\|Sri LankaDate table sorting\|December 12, 2008Date table sorting\|March 6, 2009Flag\|SwedenDate table sorting\|March 25, 2006Date table sorting\|December 1, 2007Flag\|SwedenDate table sorting\|March 4, 2012Date table sorting\|January 3, 2014Flag\|SwedenDate table sorting\|November 18, 2014Date table sorting\|December 22, 2014Flag\|SwitzerlandDate table sorting\|September 1, 2004Date table sorting\|September 29, 2010Flag\|TaiwanDate table sorting\|July 9, 2005Date table sorting\|September 29, 2007Flag\|TaiwanDate table sorting\|September 12, 2009Date table sorting\|December 12, 2009Flag\|ThailandDate table sorting\|2005Date table sorting\|2006Flag\|TunisiaDate table sorting\|2005Date table sorting\|2007Flag\|TunisiaDate table sorting\|June 29, 2014Date table sorting\|June 25, 2017Flag\|TunisiaDate table sorting\|January 29, 2018Date table sorting\|June 2018Flag\|TurkeyDate table sorting\|December 9, 2003Date table sorting\|February 3, 2004Flag\|TurkeyDate table sorting\|June 5, 2006Date table sorting\|2006Flag\|TurkeyDate table sorting\|September 10, 2007Date table sorting\|September 16, 2010Flag\|TurkeyDate table sorting\|November 8, 2011Date table sorting\|March 29, 2012Flag\|TurkeyDate table sorting\|September 11, 2013Date table sorting\|2014Flag\|UkraineDate table sorting\|March 7, 2010Date table sorting\|December 19, 2010Flag\|United KingdomDate table sorting\|October 31, 2005Date table sorting\|December 23, 2016Flag\|United StatesDate table sorting\|December 19, 2005Date table sorting\|May 18, 2009Flag\|United StatesDate table sorting\|September 8, 2008Date table sorting\|May 28, 2010Flag\|United StatesDate table sorting\|December 5, 2018Flag\|United StatesDate table sorting\|October 8, 2006Date table sorting\|May 26, 2007Flag\|United StatesDate table sorting\|2020Flag\|UruguayDate table sorting\|October 28, 2019Flag\|VietnamDate table sorting\|June 19, 2005Date table sorting\|October 8, 2017Flag\|VietnamDate table sorting\|September 10, 2006Date table sorting\|2008Citation needed\|date=April 2007 Top prize winners All amounts below the prizes are their equivalents in United States dollars at the time of their win. At the other end of the spectrum, in the UK edition broadcast on 7 December 2009, a contestant named Corinne opened her box to reveal 1p, having turned down first an offer of £88,000 and then an offer to swap boxes, which would have given her the top £250,000 prize. A similar event occurred on the U.S. version on August 25, 2008, where contestant Koshka Blackburn won $5,000 which was in her case after turning down the banker's offer of $530,000 and then the option to switch cases, which would've made her the first $1,000,000 winner. Also in the U.S. on September 22, 2006, Michelle Falco kept in $750,000 and $1,000,000 in play all the way to the end, she turned down the biggest offer of $880,000 and refused to switch her case, in her case was $750,000. She also would have been the first $1,000,000 winner had she switched cases. And again, in the U.S. on October 22, 2008, contestant Richie Bell won $1 which was in his case after rejecting the final offer of $416,000 and the option to switch cases, which would've made him the second $1,000,000 winner. Richie also won an additional $10,000 after completing the "Banker's Challenge" minigame, thus making his total winnings $10,001. Had he had switched, he would have won $1,010,000. Many other contestants around the world would have won the top prize if they had swapped their box/case. Basis and antecedents The game show has attracted attention from mathematicians, statisticians, and economists as a natural decision-making experiment. In 2008 a team of economists analyzed the decisions of people appearing in Dutch, German and U.S. episodes and found, among other things, that contestants are less risk-averse or even risk-seeking when they saw their expected winnings drop. They went so far as to say that the show, “almost appears to be an economics experiment rather than a TV show.” They found that contestants behave similarly in different versions of the show, despite large differences in the amounts at stake; amounts appear to be evaluated in relative terms, for example in proportion to the initial average, and not in terms of their absolute monetary value. The research received a great deal of media attention, appearing on the front page of The Wall Street Journal and being featured on National Public Radio. This work was built upon by de Roos and Sarafidis, who analysed the Australian version of the show and determined that the risk-taking behaviour of a number of contestants would be inconsistent within each game, depending on the state of play and relative risk aversion of their confidant on the show. Australian Deal or No Deal contestants are selected "on the basis of being 'outgoing', but there is no screening of contestants on the basis of their risk preferences". It is thought that other versions may screen contestants for being amicable to risk-taking behaviour. Despite its air of originality and huge international success—there are more than 60 versions worldwide—there have been, in fact, numerous antecedents to the current run of shows. The first was the It's in the Bag, a New Zealand radio game show invented by Selwyn Toogood which began in the 1950s and which ran for decades after it was later adapted for television. The show popularized the catch-phrases, "By hokey," and "What will it be, customers--the money or the bag?" in New Zealand. Similarly, in the 1950s, the UK TV show Take Your Pick offered contestants the choice of taking a money offer or risking opening a box. Later, in the 1980s, The Bong Game, a radio call-in show created by UK's Capital FM, tested contestants by offering them increasing returns in tandem with increasing risk. Another long-running game show, Let's Make a Deal, involved contestants deciding whether or not to take offers based on what may or may not be behind a curtain/door or inside a box. Let's Make a Deal ran in the U.S. for nearly three decades from 1963 to 1991, during which time Monty Hall was the program's "Big Dealer," and has recently been revived with Wayne Brady as the Big Dealer. Also in the U.S., in the 1970s and 1980s, was a game show called Treasure Hunt, hosted by Geoff Edwards and produced by Chuck Barris's company, which featured a similar concept to Deal or No Deal. The show featured contestants selecting a treasure chest or box with surprises inside in the hope of winning large prizes or a cash jackpot. Both game shows, however, also featured worthless or nearly-worthless joke prizes, which Let's Make a Deal called "zonks" and which Treasure Hunt called "klunks." Deal or No Deal does not feature such joke prizes in the US version but does in many international versions. Finally, from 1997 to 2003, Win Ben Stein's Money pitted contestants against an in-house adversary. Algorithm used by “The Bank” There are several theories concerning the algorithm that “The Bank” uses to determine the appropriate bank offer. This is a secret held by the various publishers around the world, however a number of people have approximated the algorithm with various levels of accuracy. In many variations of the format the Bank does not know the contents of the briefcase, and therefore the Monty Hall Problem does not apply to the probability calculations, but this varies from country to country. Statistical studies of the US version of the show were undertaken by Daniel Shifflet in 2011, and showed a linear regression of bank offers against expected value. In summary, Shifflet found that the bank would offer a percentage of the expected value of the remaining cases, and this percentage increased linearly from approximately 37% of EV at the first offer to approximately 84% of EV at the seventh offer. This version of the program also allowed players to ‘hypothetically’ play out the remainder of the game from the point where they accepted the bank's offer, and Shiffler noted that the hypothetical bank offers were significantly higher than real bank offers at equivalent points in the game. Keep in mind, that this is for the syndicated 30-minute version of the show. Video games Innovative Concepts in Entertainment developed and currently sells an arcade redemption adaptation of the show, replacing prize money with redemption tickets. The U.K. version of Deal or No Deal was converted into a mobile game by Gameloft and featured the same rules and format as the TV show. The game was so well-received that versions of it were developed for other countries as well. Its international success landed it on the top-sellers list. Almost all major formats of the game were converted into games for various gaming consoles, the PC, Macromedia Flash, and even a dedicated handheld made in China. Various online gambling and gaming sites have adapted the Deal or No Deal concept for their games. Online gambling The Deal or No Deal television game show, based on the original Dutch Miljoenenjacht, was introduced to the world by Endemol. The popular format, which requires the contestant to choose from 26 boxes or cases to reveal cash values, grew in popularity and eventually made its way into the online gambling industry as a result of the 2009 partnership between Playtech's Virtue Fusion and Endemol Games. Online Bingo licensees of Virtue Fusion, previously acquired by Playtech, introduced DOND themed 75-ball and 90-ball rooms in addition to a slot game based on the game show, scratch cards and the launch of a new bingo brand named after the game show, Deal or No Deal Bingo. Online gamblers experience the show's concept when securing a Full House win in the themed bingo rooms. The winner or winners enter a round of negotiations with the banker where they must make the ultimate decision, Deal or No Deal. The sense of community, often embraced by bingo players, is called upon as they assist the winner in determining the best option by commenting in the room's chat section. The Community Jackpot is divided among the Full House winner and all game participants. In February 2016, Playtech announced the renewal of its licensing agreement with Endemol UK, which will see the availability of DOND licensed online products continue for an additional three years. Under this contract, Playtech is granted exclusive rights to deliver these themed games to the UK market. The range of DOND games are available at Virtue Fusion powered bingo brands such as bet365, Gala Bingo, Ladbrokes, Mecca Bingo and William Hill. Popular articles Javier Milei - Argentine libertarian economist, author, radio conductor and public speaker sympathetic to the Austrian School of economic thought. He became widely known for his regular ... Jimmy Carter - American politician, philanthropist, and former farmer who served as the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A member of the Democratic Party, he previ... UEFA Euro 2024 - The 2024 UEFA European Football Championship , commonly referred to as UEFA Euro 2024 or simply Euro 2024 , will be the 17th edition of the UEFA European Championship, the quadrennial internationa... Argentina - country located mostly in the southern half of South America. 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Deal or No Deal

Gameplay

International versions

Top prize winners

Basis and antecedents

Algorithm used by “The Bank”

Video games

Online gambling